Chrome 500 mcg by Vitaminol Inc.

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A specific strain of oral brewer's yeast seems to be beneficial for some IBS symptoms. Details: A meta-analysis of results from two clinical studies shows that taking the specific brewer's yeast strain CNCM I-3856 500 mg or 1000 mg daily, standardized to 8 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram, for up to 12 weeks might reduce abdominal pain and discomfort and improve stool consistency in patients with constipation-predominant IBS. It seems to take at least one month for any benefits to occur (95611). Another small clinical study shows that taking the same product as 2 billion CFUs twice daily in addition to standard treatment for 8 weeks modestly improves abdominal pain and stool consistency when compared with standard treatment alone. Benefits were evident within 4 weeks and were found in patients with diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant, and mixed-type IBS (105170). Additionally, a large clinical trial in patients with constipation-predominant IBS shows that taking the same brewer's yeast product 8 billion CFUs daily for 8 weeks increases the likelihood of abdominal pain response, defined as a 30% or greater reduction in average daily abdominal pain scores, by 33% and improves quality of life scores when compared with placebo. However, no improvements in bloating, flatulence, stool frequency, or stool consistency were reported (111108).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Acne. Although there has been interest in using oral or topical brewer's yeast for acne, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of brewer's yeast for this condition.
• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is unclear if oral dried, inactive brewer's yeast is beneficial for allergic rhinitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with seasonal allergies shows that taking a specific dried, inactive brewer's yeast preparation (EpiCor, Embria Health Sciences) 500 mg once daily for 12 weeks reduces the median severity of nasal congestion by 14%, the median severity of rhinorrhea by 19%, and the median number of days with nasal congestion by 12.5 days during weeks of highest pollen counts when compared with placebo. However, taking this brewer's yeast preparation does not appear to reduce ocular symptoms or sneezing. Also, it does not appear to improve nasal or ocular symptoms during weeks in which pollen counts are lower (92821).
• Clostridioides difficile infection. Although there has been interest in using oral brewer's yeast for C. difficile infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of brewer's yeast for this condition.
• Diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral brewer's yeast for diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of brewer's yeast for this condition.
• Furuncles (boils). Although there has been interest in using oral brewer's yeast for furuncles, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of brewer's yeast for this condition.
• Hypercholesterolemia. It is unclear if oral brewer's yeast is beneficial for hypercholesterolemia. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking brewer's yeast 20 grams, containing chromium 48 mcg, daily for 8 weeks decreases levels of total cholesterol by 24-26 mg/dL and increases levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 5-6 mg/dL when compared to baseline in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic patients (37178).
• Influenza. It is unclear if oral dried, inactive brewer's yeast is beneficial for influenza. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific dried, inactive brewer's yeast preparation (EpiCor, Embria Health Sciences) 500 mg daily for 12 weeks reduces the incidence of common cold or flu-like symptoms by 10% to 20% when compared with placebo in adults with no history of influenza vaccination. Taking this preparation does not appear to reduce the duration or severity of cold or flu-like symptoms that do occur in these patients (92822). However, in patients recently vaccinated for influenza, clinical research shows that taking this same preparation 500 mg daily for 12 weeks reduces the risk of developing symptoms of the common cold or flu by about 11% and reduces the duration of symptoms that develop by 0.85 days when compared with placebo (16117).
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Oral brewer's yeast has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study shows that taking a specific combination product (Sillix Donna, Giuliani) containing folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin E, various minerals, and brewer's yeast might help reduce scores on the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDS) when compared to baseline (7845). It is unclear if this benefit is due to brewer's yeast or the vitamins and minerals also contained in the preparation. More evidence is needed to rate brewer's yeast for these uses.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term (7845,16117). A specific dried, inactive brewer's yeast preparation (EpiCor, Embria Health Sciences) has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 500 mg once daily for 12 weeks (92821,92822). A specific living brewer's yeast strain CNCM I-3856 has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 500-1000 mg daily (standardized to 8 billion colony-forming units per gram) for up to 12 weeks (95611,105170,111108). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of the long-term use of brewer's yeast or about the safety of using brewer's yeast topically.

CHILDREN:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of brewer's yeast as a probiotic or postbiotic in children of any age. Cases of bacteremia have occurred rarely in preterm infants given other probiotics (102416,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning about cases of serious infections caused by probiotics reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to these infants due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy (111608).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Taking brewer's yeast with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.  Details Clinical research shows that taking chromium-containing brewer's yeast can decrease levels of blood glucose in diabetic patients being treated with antidiabetes drugs (37157).

ANTIFUNGALS Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking antifungals with some brewer's yeast products might decrease the effectiveness of brewer's yeast.  Details Some brewer's yeast products contain live yeast. Therefore, simultaneously taking antifungals might kill a significant number of the organisms (4363).

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking brewer's yeast with lithium might cause additive effects and side effects.  Details Some brewer's yeast products contains lithium (37179).

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIs) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Likely •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking brewer's yeast with MAOIs might increase the risk of hypertension.  Details Brewer's yeast contains tyramine. Taking brewer's yeast with MAOIs might increase the risk for hypertensive crisis (2).

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General ...Orally, brewer's yeast seems to be well tolerated in most patients when used short-term.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Flatulence, migraine.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: There is concern that brewer's yeast may cause fungemia in some people. It may also cause anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, brewer's yeast can cause intestinal discomfort and flatulence in hypersensitive individuals (2). Anal irritation and abdominal pain have been reported rarely (105170).

Immunologic ...Allergic reactions to brewer's yeast can occur in hypersensitive individuals. Symptoms include itching, urticaria, local or general exanthemas, and Quincke's edema (2). Rarely, anaphylaxis may occur. In one case, a 33-year-old male experienced dyspnea, chest tightness, and throat tightness shortly after ingesting a few sips of craft beer brewed using brewer's yeast. The patient took diphenhydramine, and symptoms improved prior to his arrival in the emergency department. While the patient had no history of hypersensitivity to other beers from the same brewery, a positive skin test and oral challenge suggested that he was sensitive to the specific strain of brewer's yeast uniquely used only in the offending beer (111107).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, brewer's yeast can cause migraine-like headaches in sensitive individuals (2).

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