Calendula Officinalis 2D • Cantharis 3 D • Echinacea angustifolia 2D • Hypericum perforatum 3 D • Phytolacca decandra 3 D • Sulfur 3 D. Other Ingredients: 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate, Carbomer, Ceteareth-12, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Cetyl Palmitate, DMDM Hydantoin, Glycerin, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Stearate, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, Isopropyl Palmitate, Isopropyl Myristate, Octyldodecanol, PEG-100 Stearate, PEG-20 Glyceryl Stearate, Purified Water, Sodium Hydroxide, Sorbitan Stearate.
Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.
In 2004, Canada began regulating natural medicines as a category of products separate from foods or drugs. These products are officially recognized as "Natural Health Products." These products include vitamins, minerals, herbal preparations, homeopathic products, probiotics, fatty acids, amino acids, and other naturally derived supplements.
In order to be marketed in Canada, natural health products must be licensed. In order to be licensed in Canada, manufacturers must submit applications to Health Canada including information about uses, formulation, dosing, safety, and efficacy.
Products can be licensed based on several criteria. Some products are licensed based on historical or traditional uses. For example, if an herbal product has a history of traditional use, then that product may be acceptable for licensure. In this case, no reliable scientific evidence is required for approval.
For products with non-traditional uses, some level of scientific evidence may be required to support claimed uses. However, a high level of evidence is not necessarily required. Acceptable sources of evidence include at least one well-designed, randomized, controlled trial; well-designed, non-randomized trials; cohort and case control studies; or expert opinion reports.
Finished products licensed by Health Canada must be manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) as outlined by Health Canada.
This is a homeopathic preparation. Homeopathy is a system of medicine established in the 19th century by a German physician named Samuel Hahnemann. Its basic principles are that "like treats like" and "potentiation through dilution." For example, in homeopathy, diarrhea would be treated with an extreme dilution of a substance that normally causes diarrhea when taken in high doses.
Practitioners of homeopathy believe that more dilute preparations are more potent. Many homeopathic preparations are so diluted that they contain little or no active ingredient. Therefore, most homeopathic products are not expected to have any pharmacological effects, drug interactions, or other harmful effects. Any beneficial effects are controversial and cannot be explained by current scientific methods.
Dilutions of 1 to 10 are designated by an "X." So a 1X dilution = 1:10, 3X=1:1000; 6X=1:1,000,000. Dilutions of 1 to 100 are designated by a "C." So a 1C dilution = 1:100; 3C = 1:1,000,000. Dilutions of 24X or 12C or more contain zero molecules of the original active ingredient.
Homeopathic products are permitted for sale in the US due to legislation passed in 1938 sponsored by a homeopathic physician who was also a Senator. The law still requires that the FDA allow the sale of products listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States. However, homeopathic preparations are not held to the same safety and effectiveness standards as conventional medicines. For more information, see the Homeopathy monograph.
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product First Aid Cream Kids 0-9. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of pokeweed.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product First Aid Cream Kids 0-9. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when the flower preparations are used orally or topically and appropriately (4,19779,36931,39503,93552,93557,96647,105088).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally; contraindicated due to spermatocide, antiblastocyst, and abortifacient effects.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of calendula when used topically during pregnancy (4).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Various liquid extracts of Echinacea purpurea have been used safely for up to 10 days, including EchinaGuard (Madaus AG) 20 drops every 2 hours for 1 day, then three times daily (10320), or Echinilin (Inovobiologic Inc.) 40 mL in divided doses for 1 day, then 15 mL in divided doses daily thereafter (12355,20062). Other liquid extracts have been used safely for relatively longer periods, including Echinaforce (A. Vogel Bioforce AG) 2.4 grams daily for 4 months or 1.6 grams daily for 6 months (7087,18225), and Echinacin (Madaus AG) 5 mL twice daily for 10 days, or 4 mL twice daily for 8 weeks (3282,10802). Specific solid dosage forms of echinacea that have been used safely for up to 10 days include Echinacea purpurea above-ground parts (EchinaFresh, Enzymatic Therapy) 300 mg daily (11970), and mixtures of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia herb in divided doses of 6 grams to 10.5 grams for 1 day then 3 grams to 5.1 grams daily (10800,17519,20059). A specific Echinacea angustifolia extract (ExtractumPharma ZRT) has also been used with apparent safety at a dose of 40 mg once or twice daily for up to 7 days (20064,103233). An Echinacea purpurea product (Natures Resource) has been used safely at a dose of 1.8 grams daily for 8 weeks (17521), and echinacea (Puritan's Pride) has been used safely at 8 grams daily for 28 days (20066).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically, short-term. A specific cream (Linola Plus Cream, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co.) containing echinacea extract (WO 3260) has been applied to the skin safely 2-3 times daily for up to 12 weeks (97499). There is insufficient reliable evidence about the safety of echinacea when used parenterally.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally, short-term.
Some clinical research shows that an extract of the above-ground parts of Echinacea purpurea (EC31J2, Echinacin Saft, Madaus AG) in a dose of 3.75 mL twice daily (for ages 2 years to 5 years) or 7.5 mL twice daily (for ages 6 years to 11 years) is safe when used for up to 10 days (4989). However, about 7% of children experienced a rash after taking echinacea, which might have been caused by an allergic reaction (4989). There is concern that allergic reactions could be severe in some children. The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom recommends against the use of oral echinacea products in children under 12 years of age due to this risk of allergic reaction (18207). In contrast, another clinical study in children 4-12 years old shows that a specific Echinacea purpurea product (Echinaforce Junior, A. Vogel) does not cause allergic or urticarial reactions more frequently than vitamin C (105719).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally, short-term.
There is preliminary evidence that mothers can safely use echinacea in the form of E. purpurea or E. angustifolia solid dosage forms, 250-1000 mg daily, or tinctures, up to 30 drops daily, for 5 days to 7 days during the first trimester without adversely affecting the fetus (7056,13418,15123). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of echinacea when used for longer than 7 days.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when pokeweed is used orally. All parts of the pokeweed plant, especially the root, are considered to be toxic (3477,3479). The Herb Trade Association recommends against selling pokeweed as an herbal beverage or food (3478). Severe poisoning has been reported from ingesting tea brewed from pokeweed root (3478) and pokeweed leaves (3480,69094). Poisoning also has resulted from ingestion of pokeberry wine and pokeberry pancakes (3479). Consuming just 10 berries can be toxic to an adult (6). Green berries are considered more toxic than mature, red berries (4). ...when applied topically to the skin. Skin contact can cause hematological changes (3477,3481,3482). Protective gloves should be used to handle the plant (3477).
CHILDREN: UNSAFE
when used orally.
Children have died after ingesting pokeweed berries. Consumption of even one berry can be toxic (3479).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when pokeweed is used orally or applied topically; avoid using.
Evidence suggests the pokeweed berry has uterine stimulant and abortifacient effects (4,19). Pokeweed is generally considered unsafe for any use.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. St. John's wort extracts in doses up to 900 mg daily seem to be safe when used for up to 12 weeks (3547,3550,4835,5096,6400,6434,7047,13021,13156,13157)(14417,76143,76144,89666,89669,95510). Some evidence also shows that St. John's wort can be safely used for over one year (13156,13157,76140), and may have better tolerability than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (4897,76153,76143,104036).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately. St. John's wort 0.5% extract seems to be safe when used once weekly for 4 weeks (110327). St. John's wort oil has been used with apparent safely twice daily for 6 weeks (110326). However, topical use of St. John's wort can cause photodermatitis with sun exposure (110318).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in large doses. St. John's wort extract can be unsafe due to the risk of severe phototoxic skin reactions. Taking 2-4 grams of St. John's wort extract (containing hypericin 5-10 mg) daily appears to increase the risk of photosensitivity (758,4631,7808).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Preliminary population research has found that taking St. John's wort while pregnant is associated with offspring that develop neural tube, urinary, and cardiovascular malformations. Subgroup analyses suggest that these risks may be higher when taking St. John's wort during the first trimester when compared with the second or third trimester. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings (106052). Animal-model research also shows that constituents of St. John's wort might have teratogenic effects (9687,15122). Until more is known, St. John's wort should not be taken during pregnancy.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Nursing infants of mothers who take St. John's wort have a greater chance of experiencing colic, drowsiness, and lethargy (1377,15122,22418); avoid using.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally, and appropriately, short-term.
St. John's wort extracts in doses up to 300 mg three times daily seem to be safe when used for up to 8 weeks in children aged 6-17 years (4538,17986,76110).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately, short-term. Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 10% have been used safely in clinical research for up to 8 weeks (27846,27847,88107,88112,88123,88124,98205,98207,100735). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using sulfur orally.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately, short-term.
Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 6% have been used safely when applied nightly in children and adolescents for up to 6 nights (27846,27847). In infants, topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 2% have been safely applied for 3 hours daily for up to 6 days (27847).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when applied topically and appropriately, short-term.
Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 6% have been safely applied nightly for up to 6 nights (27846,27847). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of sulfur when used orally; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product First Aid Cream Kids 0-9. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, calendula might have additive effects when used with CNS depressants, although this appears to be unlikely.
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Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
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Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30% (12155). This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.
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Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
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Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30% (12155). Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
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Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir (13712,48618,88164,88165). However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4 (48618). The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4 (12155). In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate (6450,11026,88162,88167).
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Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
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Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients (88163,93578).
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Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
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Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study (88164).
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Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
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In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism (20082). Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme (6450,11026,12155,88162,88167).
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Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
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Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
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Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
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Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers (48618,93578).
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Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
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Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam (12155). Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.
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Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
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Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR (20083).
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St. John's wort increases the clearance of alprazolam and decreases its effects.
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Alprazolam, which is used as a probe for cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity, has a two-fold increase in clearance when given with St. John's wort. St. John's wort reduces the half-life of alprazolam from 12.4 hours to 6 hours (10830).
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St. John's wort may increase the clearance of ambristentan and decrease its effects.
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Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that taking St. John's wort 900 mg daily decreases the area under the concentration-time curve of ambrisentan 5 mg by 17% to 26%. Ambrisentan clearance was increased by 20% to 35% depending on CYP2C19 genotype. However, these small changes are unlikely to be clinically significant (99511).
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St. John's wort might have additive phototoxic effects with aminolevulinic acid.
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Concomitant use with St. John's wort extract may cause synergistic phototoxicity. Delta-aminolevulinic acid can cause a burning erythematous rash and severe swelling of the face, neck, and hands when taken with St. John's wort (9474).
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of boceprevir.
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Boceprevir increases the maximum concentration and concentration at 8 hours of the St. John's wort constituent, hypericin, by approximately 30%. However, St. John's wort does not significantly change the area under the concentration-time curve or maximum plasma concentration of boceprevir 800 mg three times daily in healthy adults (95507,96552).
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St. John's wort might reduce the levels and effects of bupropion.
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Clinical research shows that taking St. John's wort 325 mg three times daily for 14 days along with bupropion reduces the area under the concentration-time curve by approximately 14% and increases the clearance of bupropion by approximately 20%. This effect is attributed to the induction of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) by St. John's wort (89662).
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St. John's wort might increase the levels and effects of clopidogrel.
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Taking St. John's wort with clopidogrel seems to increase the activity of clopidogrel. In clopidogrel non-responders, taking St. John's wort seems to induce metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite by cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4 and 2C19. This leads to increased antiplatelet activity (13038,89671,96552). Theoretically, this might lead to an increased risk of bleeding in clopidogrel responders.
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of clozapine.
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A case report describes a female with schizophrenia controlled on clozapine who had a return of symptoms when she started taking St. John's wort. The plasma concentration of clozapine was reduced, likely because its clearance was increased due to induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4, 1A2, 2C9, and 2C19 by St. John's wort (96552).
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St. John's wort increases the clearance of contraceptive drugs and reduces their clinical effects.
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Females taking St. John's wort and oral contraceptives concurrently should use an additional or alternative form of birth control. St. John's wort can decrease norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol levels by 13% to 15%, resulting in breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding, or unplanned pregnancy (11886,11887,13099). Bleeding irregularities usually occur within a week of starting St. John's wort and regular cycles usually return when St. John's wort is discontinued. Unplanned pregnancy has occurred with concurrent use of oral contraceptives and St. John's wort extract (9880). St. John's wort is thought to induce the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), 2C9 (CYP2C9), and 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes, which are responsible for metabolism of progestins and estrogens in contraceptives (1292,7809,9204).
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of cyclosporine.
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Concomitant use can decrease plasma cyclosporine levels by 30% to 70% (1234,4826,4831,4834,7808,9596,10628,96552). Using St. John's wort with cyclosporine in patients with heart, kidney, or liver transplants can cause subtherapeutic cyclosporine levels and acute transplant rejection (1234,1293,1301,6112,6435,7808,9596). This interaction has occurred with a St. John's wort extract standardized to 0.3% hypericin and dosed at 300-600 mg per day (6435,10628). Withdrawal of St. John's wort can result in a 64% increase in cyclosporine levels (1234,4513,4826,4831,4834). St. John's wort induces cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and the multi-drug transporter, P-glycoprotein/MDR-1, which increases cyclosporine clearance (1293,1340,9204,9596).
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St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
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St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2B6 substrates.
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Clinical research shows that taking St. John's wort 325 mg three times daily for 14 days along with bupropion, a CYP2B6 substrate, reduces the area under the concentration-time curve by approximately 14% and increases the clearance of bupropion by approximately 20% (89662).
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St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
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Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that taking St. John's wort for 14 days induces CYP2C19 and increases metabolism of mephenytoin (Mesantoin). In patients with wild-type 2C19 (2C19*1/*1) metabolism was almost 4-fold greater in subjects who received St. John's wort compared to placebo. In contrast, patients with 2C19*2/*2 and *2/*3 genotypes did not demonstrate a similar increase in metabolism (17405). Theoretically, St. John's wort might increase metabolism of other CYP2C19 substrates.
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St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
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There is contradictory research about the effect of St. John's wort on CYP2C9. Some in vitro research shows that St. John's wort induces CYP2C9, but to a lesser extent than CYP3A4 (9204,10848,11889). St. John's wort also induces metabolism of the S-warfarin isomer, which is a CYP2C9 substrate (11890). Other research shows that St. John's wort 300 mg three times daily for 21 days does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of a single 400 mg dose of ibuprofen, which is also a CYP2C9 substrate (15546). Until more is known, use St. John's wort cautiously in patients who are taking CYP2C9 substrates.
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St. John's wort increases the metabolism and reduces the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of digoxin.
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St. John's wort can reduce the bioavailability, serum levels, and therapeutic effects of digoxin. Taking an extract of St. John's wort 900 mg, containing hyperforin 7.5 mg or more, daily for 10-14 days, can reduce serum digoxin levels by 25% in healthy people. St. John's wort is thought to affect the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein, which mediates the absorption and elimination of digoxin and other drugs (382,6473,7808,7810,9204,96552,97171). St. John's wort products providing less than 7.5 mg of hyperforin daily do not appear to affect digoxin levels (97171).
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of docetaxel.
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Clinical research shows that taking a specific St. John's wort product (Hyperiplant, VSM) 300 mg three times daily for 14 days increases docetaxel clearance by about 14%, resulting in decreased plasma concentrations of docetaxel in cancer patients. This is most likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by St. John's wort (89661).
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Theoretically, St. John's wort may reduce the levels and clinical effects of fentanyl.
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Given that St. John's wort induces cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, it is possible that concomitant use of St. John's wort with fentanyl will reduce plasma levels and analgesic activity of fentanyl (96552). However, some clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking St. John's wort (LI-160, Lichtwer Pharma) 300 mg daily for 21 days does not alter the pharmacokinetics or clinical effects of intravenous fentanyl (102868). It is unclear if these findings can be generalized to oral, intranasal, or transdermal fentanyl.
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St. John's wort may increase the levels and clinical effects of fexofenadine.
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A single dose of St. John's wort decreases the clearance of fexofenadine and increases its plasma levels. However, the effect of St. John's wort on plasma levels of fexofenadine seems to be lost if dosing is continued for more than 2 weeks (9685). Patients taking fexofenadine and St. John's wort concurrently should be monitored for possible fexofenadine toxicity.
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St. John's wort may reduce the levels and clinical effects of finasteride.
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St. John's wort reduces plasma levels of finasteride in healthy male volunteers due to induction of finasteride metabolism via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The clinical significance of this interaction is not known (96552).
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St. John's wort may reduce the levels and clinical effects of gliclazide.
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Taking St. John's wort decreases the half-life and increases clearance of gliclazide in healthy people (22431).
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St. John's wort may increase the metabolism and reduce the effectiveness of atorvastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin. However, it does not seem to affect pravastatin, pitavastatin, or fluvastatin.
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Concomitant use of St. John's wort can reduce plasma concentrations of the active simvastatin metabolite, simvastatin hydroxy acid, by 28%. St. John's wort induces intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR-1, a drug transporter. This increases simvastatin clearance. It also increases the clearance of atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Mevacor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor). St. John's wort does not seem to affect the plasma concentrations of pravastatin (Pravachol), pitavastatin (Livalo) or fluvastatin (Lescol), which are not substrates of CYP3A4 or P-glycoprotein (10627,96552,97171).
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of imatinib.
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Taking St. John's wort 900 mg daily for 2 weeks reduces the bioavailability and half-life of a single dose of imatinib and decreases its serum levels by 30% in healthy volunteers. This is most likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by St. John's wort, which increases clearance of imatinib (11888,96552).
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St. John's wort may reduce the levels and clinical effects of indinavir.
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In healthy volunteers, taking St. John's wort concurrently with indinavir reduces plasma concentrations of indinavir by inducing metabolism via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) (96552). Theoretically, this could result in treatment failure and viral resistance.
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of irinotecan.
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St. John's wort 900 mg daily for 18 days decreases serum levels of irinotecan by at least 50%. Clearance of the active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is also increased, resulting in a 42% decrease in the area under the concentration-time curve (9206,97171). This is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by St. John's wort (7092,96552).
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St. John's wort might reduce the levels and clinical effects of ivabradine.
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Taking St. John's wort 900 mg containing 7.5 mg of hyperforin daily for 14 days with a single dose of ivabradine causes a 62% reduction in plasma levels of ivabradine. This interaction is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by St. John's wort, increasing the metabolism of ivabradine (96552,97171).
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of ketamine.
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Taking St. John's wort 300 mg three times daily for 14 days can decrease maximum serum levels of ketamine by around 66% and area under the concentration-time curve of ketamine by 58%. This is most likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by St. John's wort (89663).
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of mephenytoin.
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Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that taking St. John's wort for 14 days induces cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and significantly increases metabolism of mephenytoin (Mesantoin). In people with wild-type 2C19, metabolism was almost 4-fold greater in subjects who received St. John's wort compared to placebo. In contrast, patients with 2C19*2/*2 and *2/*3 genotypes did not demonstrate a similar increase in metabolism (17405).
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St. John's wort might reduce the levels and clinical effects of methadone.
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St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of methadone by reducing its blood concentrations. In one report, two out of four patients on methadone maintenance therapy for addiction experienced methadone withdrawal symptoms after taking St. John's wort 900 mg daily for a median of 31 days. There was a median decrease in blood methadone concentration of 47% (range: 19% to 60%) when compared to baseline (22419).
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St. John's wort might reduce the levels and clinical effects of methylphenidate.
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St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of methylphenidate. In one report, an adult male, stabilized on methylphenidate for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), experienced increased attention problems and ADHD symptoms after taking St. John's wort 600 mg daily for 4 months. ADHD symptoms improved when St. John's wort was discontinued (15544). The mechanism of this interaction is unknown.
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of NNRTIs.
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St. John's wort increases the oral clearance of nevirapine (Viramune) by 35%. Subtherapeutic concentrations are associated with therapeutic failure, development of viral resistance, and development of drug class resistance. St. John's wort induces intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR-1, a drug transporter (1290,1340,4837,96552).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of omeprazole.
Details
Taking St. John's wort, 300 mg orally three times daily for 14 days, reduces serum concentrations of omeprazole by inducing its metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and 3A4. The reduction of omeprazole serum levels is dependent on CYP2C19 genotype, with reductions up to 50% in extensive metabolizers and 38% in poor metabolizers (22440,96552).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of oxycodone.
Details
St. John's wort can increase oxycodone metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), reducing plasma levels and analgesic activity (96552).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of P-glycoprotein substrates.
Details
St. John's wort induces P-glycoprotein. P-glycoprotein is a carrier mechanism responsible for transporting drugs and other substances across cell membranes. When P-glycoprotein is induced in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it can prevent the absorption of some medications. In addition, induction of p-glycoprotein can decrease entry of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) and decrease access to other sites of action (382,1340,7810,11722).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenobarbital.
Details
St. John's wort may increase the metabolism of phenobarbital. Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital should be monitored carefully. The dose of phenobarbital may need to be increased when St. John's wort is started and decreased when it is stopped (9204).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenprocoumon.
Details
St. John's wort appears to increase the metabolism of phenprocoumon (an anticoagulant that is not available in the US) by increasing the activity of the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzyme. This may result in decreases in the anticoagulant effect and international normalized ratio (INR) (9204).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of phenytoin.
Details
St. John's wort may increase the metabolism of phenytoin. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin should be monitored closely. The dose of phenytoin may need to be increased when St. John's wort is started and decreased when it is stopped (9204).
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Theoretically, St. John's wort might increase the likelihood for photosensitivity reactions when used in combination with photosensitizing drugs.
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Theoretically, St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of procainamide.
Details
Animal research shows that taking St. John's wort extract increases the bioavailability of procainamide, but does not increase its metabolism (14865). Whether this interaction is clinically significant in humans is not known.
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St. John's wort reduces the levels and clinical effects of PIs.
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In healthy volunteers, St. John's wort can reduce the plasma concentrations of indinavir (Crixivan) by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). This might result in treatment failure and viral resistance (1290,7808,96552). St. John's wort also induces P-glycoprotein, which can result in decreased intracellular protease inhibitor concentrations and increased elimination (9204).
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Theoretically, St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of reserpine.
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Animal research shows that St. John's wort can antagonize the effects of reserpine (758).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of rivaroxaban.
Details
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers shows that taking a single dose of rivaroxaban 20 mg after using a specific St. John's wort extract (Jarsin, Vifor SA) 450 mg orally twice daily for 14 days reduces the bioavailability of rivaroxaban by 24% and reduces rivaroxaban's therapeutic inhibition of factor Xa by 20% (104038).
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Theoretically, St. John's wort might inhibit reuptake and increase levels of serotonin, resulting in additive effects with serotonergic drugs.
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of tacrolimus.
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Taking a St. John's wort extract (Jarsin) 600 mg daily significantly decreases tacrolimus serum levels. Dose increases of 60% may be required to maintain therapeutic tacrolimus levels in patients taking St. John's wort. St. John's wort is thought to lower tacrolimus levels by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes (7095,10329). A small clinical study in healthy adults also shows that taking St. John's wort 300 mg three times daily for 10 days decreases the total systemic exposure to tacrolimus by 27% and 33% after taking a single 5 mg dose of immediate-release or prolonged-release tacrolimus, respectively (113094).
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels of theophylline, although this effect might not be clinically relevant.
Details
St. John's wort does not seem to significantly affect theophylline pharmacokinetics (11802). There is a single case report of a possible interaction with theophylline. A patient who smoked and was taking 11 other drugs experienced an increase in theophylline levels after discontinuation of St. John's wort. This increase has been attributed to a rebounding of theophylline serum levels after St. John's wort was no longer present to induce metabolism via cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) (3556,7808,9204). However, studies in healthy volunteers show that St. John's wort is unlikely to affect theophylline to any clinically significant degree (11802).
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of tramadol.
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of voriconazole.
Details
Clinical research shows that taking St. John's wort with voriconazole reduces voriconazole exposure and increases voriconazole metabolism by approximately 107%. Voriconazole is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19, with CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 also involved (89660). St. John's wort induces CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 (9204,10830,10847,10848,11889,11890,17405,22423,22424,22425)(22427,48603).
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St. John's wort decreases the levels and clinical effects of warfarin.
Details
Taking St. John's wort significantly increases clearance of warfarin, including both its R- and S-isomers (11890,15176). This is likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP3A4 (11890). St. John's wort can also significantly decrease International Normalized Ratio (INR) in people taking warfarin (1292). In addition, taking warfarin at the same time as St. John's wort might reduce warfarin bioavailability. When a dried extract is mixed with warfarin in an aqueous medium, up to 30% of warfarin is bound to particles, reducing its absorption (10448).
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St. John's wort might decrease the levels and clinical effects of zolpidem.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product First Aid Cream Kids 0-9. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally and topically, calendula is generally well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
All ROAs: Allergic reactions.
Dermatologic ...Topically, a preparation containing calendula powder 0. 1% resulted in inflammation around the wound to which it was applied (96647). Burning sensation, itching, redness, and scaling were reported rarely in patients applying a combination of calendula, licorice, and snail secretion filtrate to the face. The specific role of calendula is unclear (110322).
Immunologic ...Orally, calendula can cause allergic reactions. Topically, calendula can cause eczematous allergic reactions. Calendula-specific patch testing is recommended prior to usage to determine allergenic potential. Testing is particularly necessary in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family (10691,11458,96647). Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs. A preparation containing calendula powder 0.1% resulted in hives in a patient with a ragweed allergy (96647). Despite the widespread use of calendula and the occurrence of allergies to other family members, there has been only one report of anaphylaxis (11152).
General
...Orally, echinacea is well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, rashes, and stomach upset.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Severe allergic reactions and hepatitis have been reported.
Dermatologic ...Itching, urticaria, tingling, and allergic rashes have been reported with various echinacea preparations (8225,12355,17519,20059,20077,101592,111530,111540). In a study of children aged 2-11 years, rash occurred in about 7% of children treated with an extract of the above-ground parts of E. purpurea (EC31J2, Echinacin Saft, Madaus AG), compared with about 3% of those treated with placebo (4989,95652). There is concern that allergic reactions could be severe in some children. The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom (UK) recommends against the use of oral echinacea products in children under 12 years of age due to this risk of allergic reaction (18207). However, another study in children 4-12 years old shows that a specific E. purpurea product (Echinaforce Junior, A. Vogel) did not cause allergic or urticarial reactions more frequently than vitamin C (105719).
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, stomach upset, heartburn, diarrhea, and constipation (10802,11970,12355,13419,17519,20059,48680,105719,106626). An unpleasant taste, dry mouth, and burning, tingling or numbness of the tongue also occur (11970,12355,17519,20059,20070,20077).
Hematologic ...A 51-year-old female presented with leukopenia after taking echinacea 450 mg three times daily for 2 months, along with ginkgo biloba, multivitamins, and calcium. Her leukocyte count recovered upon stopping these supplements, but dropped again when she restarted echinacea alone about a year later. The problem resolved when echinacea was stopped permanently (48533). A 32-year-old male presented with severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) about 2 weeks after using an extract of E. pallida to treat a cold. He required admission to an intensive care unit and extensive plasmapheresis. The authors speculate that immunostimulant effects of echinacea induced or exacerbated the TTP (48572).
Hepatic
...Although uncommon, cases of echinacea-induced hepatitis have been reported.
One case report describes acute cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis in a 45-year-old male who had been taking an echinacea root extract 1500 mg daily for about 2 weeks. He presented with significantly elevated liver function tests (LFTs), elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, and a positive test for anti-smooth muscle antibodies, indicating an autoimmune process. Elevated LFTs and IgG levels returned to normal within one month of stopping echinacea (17518). Another case report describes acute cholestatic hepatitis in a 44-year-old male who had taken echinacea root tablets 600 mg daily for 5 days to treat flu-like symptoms. He presented with elevated LFTs, prothrombin time, and international normalized ratio (INR). His condition gradually improved after stopping echinacea, and his LFTs normalized within 3 months (91528).
Seven cases of hepatitis associated with echinacea use were reported to the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee between 1979 and 2000, but specific details are lacking (8225).
One case report describes acute liver failure in a 2 year-old child who had been given about 100 mg of echinacea daily for 2 weeks. The patient presented with jaundice, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, and significantly elevated LFTs. A liver biopsy showed hepatocyte swelling, spotty necrosis, and inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils. A full recovery was made over a 2-week period (88166).
Immunologic
...Allergic reactions, including urticaria, runny nose, dyspnea, bronchospasm, acute asthma, angioedema, and anaphylaxis, have been reported with various echinacea preparations (638,1358,8225).
Atopic individuals and those sensitive to other members of the Asteraceae family (ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies) seem to be at higher risk for these reactions (1358,8225).
A case report describes a 36-year-old female who presented with muscle weakness, electrolyte abnormalities, renal tubular acidosis, fatigue, and dry mouth and eyes after taking echinacea, kava, and St. John's Wort for 2 weeks., She also had a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, with elevated anti-dsDNA antibodies SSA and SSB. Sjogren syndrome was diagnosed; the authors hypothesize that it may have been triggered by the immunostimulant effects of echinacea (10319). A 55-year-old male with a history of pemphigus vulgaris in remission for about a year experienced a flare of the disease after taking an echinacea supplement for one week. After stopping echinacea, medical treatment resulted in partial control of the disease (12171). Another case report describes a 58-year-old male who presented with marked eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels while taking an echinacea supplement. He required prednisone therapy until he stopped taking echinacea 3 years later, at which time his eosinophils and IgE normalized (48623). A 41-year-old male experienced four episodes of erythema nodosum, each occurring after he had taken echinacea for early symptoms of influenza. After stopping echinacea, he had no further exacerbations of erythema nodosum, suggesting that it had been triggered by the immunostimulant effects of echinacea (7057).
Musculoskeletal ...Reports of arthralgia and myalgia have been associated with echinacea (13418).
Neurologic/CNS ...Headache has been reported in people taking various echinacea preparations orally (3282,11970,17519,20059,20064). Dizziness has also been reported (3282,8225,11970). In one study using an alcoholic extract of the above-ground parts of E. purpurea (EC31J0, Echinacin, Madaus AG), somnolence and a tendency to aggressiveness were reported (3282).
General
...Pokeweed is generally regarded as unsafe for use.
Any benefits of therapy may not outweigh the risk of toxicity. Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause nausea, vomiting, cramping, abdominal pain, diarrhea, a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, weakness, hypotension, bloody emesis, bloody diarrhea, tachycardia, difficulty breathing, salivation, urinary incontinence, spasms, convulsions (3477,3478,3479), severe thirst, somnolence, transient blindness, respiratory failure (3477,3479), and death (3477).
Orally and topically, pokeweed has been reported to cause plasmacytosis, mitotic changes in peripheral blood cells, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet morphology, and other hematologic abnormalities (3477,3478,3481,3482). Protective gloves should be used to handle the plant (3477).
Cardiovascular ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause hypotension and tachycardia (3477,3478,3479).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause nausea, vomiting, cramping, abdominal pain, diarrhea, a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, bloody emesis, and bloody diarrhea (3477,3478,3479).
Genitourinary ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause urinary incontinence (3477,3478,3479).
Hematologic ...Orally and topically, pokeweed has been reported to cause plasmacytosis, mitotic changes in peripheral blood cells, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet morphology, and other hematologic abnormalities. When used topically, these effects are more likely to occur in individuals with cuts or abrasions on the skin (3477,3478,3481,3482). Protective gloves should be used to handle the plant (3477).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause weakness, salivation, spasms, convulsions (3477,3478,3479), severe thirst, and somnolence (3477,3479).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause transient blindness (3477,3479),
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, all parts of the pokeweed plant can cause difficulty breathing (3477,3478,3479), respiratory failure (3477,3479), and death (3477).
General
...Orally, St.
John's wort is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, gastrointestinal discomfort (mild), fatigue, headache, insomnia, restlessness, and sedation.
Topically: Skin rash and photodermatitis.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: There have been rare case reports of suicidal ideation and psychosis after taking St. John's wort.
Cardiovascular
...In clinical research, palpitations have been reported for patients taking St.
John's wort orally, although the number of these events was higher for the patients taking sertraline (76070). In one case report, an adult female developed recurrent palpitations and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) within 3 weeks of initiating St. John's wort 300 mg daily. SVT and related symptoms responded to Valsalva maneuvers and did not recur after discontinuing therapy (106051).
Edema has also been reported in clinical research for some patients treated with St. John's wort 900-1500 mg daily for 8 weeks (10843). Cardiovascular collapse following induction of anesthesia has been reported in an otherwise healthy patient who had been taking St. John's wort for 6 months (8931). A case of St. John's wort-induced hypertension has been reported for a 56-year-old patient who used St. John's wort extract 250 mg twice daily for 5 weeks. Blood pressure normalized after discontinuation of treatment (76073). A case of new-onset orthostatic hypotension and light-headedness has been reported for a 70 year-old homebound patient who was taking multiple prescription medications and herbal products, including St. John's wort (76128). When all herbal products were discontinued, these symptoms improved, and the patient experienced improvement in pain control.
Dermatologic
...Both topical and chronic oral use of St.
John's wort can cause photodermatitis (206,620,758,4628,4631,6477,13156,17986,76072,76148)(95506,110318). The average threshold dose range for an increased risk of photosensitivity appears to be 1.8-4 grams St. John's wort extract or 5-10 mg hypericin, daily. Lower doses might not cause this effect (4542,7808). For example, a single dose of St. John's wort extract 1800 mg (5.4 mg hypericin) followed by 900 mg (2.7 mg hypericin) daily does not seem to produce skin hypericin concentrations thought to be high enough to cause phototoxicity (3900,4542,76266). Females appear to have a higher risk of dose-related photosensitivity. In a dose-ranging, small clinical trial, almost all of the female participants experienced mild to moderate photosensitivity with paresthesia in sun-exposed skin areas after administration of St. John's wort (Jarsin, Casella Med) 1800 mg daily for 3-6 days. Symptoms resolved about 12-16 days after discontinuation (95506). Male participants reported no adverse effects at this dose, and both genders reported no adverse effects at lower doses. Light or fair-skinned people should employ protective measures against direct sunlight when using St. John's wort either topically or orally (628).
Total body erythroderma without exposure to sunlight, accompanied by burning sensation of the skin, has also been reported (8930). Orally, St. John's wort may cause pruritus or skin rash, although these events seem to occur infrequently (76140,76148,76245). A case of persistent scalp and eyebrow hair loss has been reported for a 24-year-old schizophrenic female who was taking olanzapine plus St. John's wort 900 mg/day orally (7811). Also, a case of surgical site irritation has been reported for a patient who applied ointment containing St. John's wort (17225).
Endocrine ...A case of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in a 67-year-old male with depression has been reported. During a 3-month period, the patient was taking St. John's wort 300 mg daily then increased to 600-900 mg daily with no adverse effects despite a low serum sodium level of 122mEq/L, elevated levels of urine sodium, and urine osmolality suggestive of SIADH. St. John's wort appeared to be the only contributing factor. The patient's sodium level normalized 3 weeks after discontinuation of St. John's wort (95508).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, St. John's wort may cause dyspepsia, anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and constipation, although these events seems to occur infrequently (4897,13021,17986,76070,76071,76113,76146,76150,76271).
Genitourinary
...Orally, St.
John's wort can cause intermenstrual or abnormal menstrual bleeding (1292,76056). However, this effect has occurred in patients who were also taking an oral contraceptive. Changes in menstrual bleeding might be the result of a drug interaction (1292,76056). Also, St. John's wort has been associated with anorgasmia and frequent urination when used orally (10843,76070).
Sexual dysfunction can occur with St. John's wort, but less frequently than with SSRIs (10843). A case of erectile dysfunction and orgasmic delay has been reported for a 49-year-old male after taking St. John's wort orally for one week. Co-administration of sildenafil 25-50 mg prior to sexual activity reversed the sexual dysfunction. Previously, the patient had experienced orgasmic delay, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire when taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (sertraline) (4836).
Hepatic ...A case of acute hepatitis with prolonged cholestasis and features of vanishing bile duct syndrome has been reported for a patient who used tibolone and St. John's wort orally for 10 weeks (76135). A case of jaundice with transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia has been reported for a 79 year-old female who used St. John's wort and copaiba (95505). Laboratory values normalized 7 weeks after discontinuation of both products.
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, St. John's wort may cause muscle or joint stiffness, tremor, muscle spasms, or pain, although these events appear to occur rarely (76070).
Neurologic/CNS ...St. John's wort may cause headache, dizziness, fatigue, lethargy, or insomnia (5096,13021,76070,76071,76113,76132,76133,76150,89666). Isolated cases of paresthesia have been reported for patients taking St. John's wort (5073). A case of subacute toxic neuropathy has been reported for a 35-year-old female who took St. John's wort 500 mg daily orally for 4 weeks (621).
Ocular/Otic ...There is concern that taking St. John's wort might increase the risk of cataracts. The hypericin constituent of St. John's wort is photoactive and, in the presence of light, may damage lens proteins, leading to cataracts (1296,17088). In population research, people with cataracts were significantly more likely to have used St. John's wort compared to people without cataracts (17088). Ear and labyrinth disorders have been possibly attributed to use of St. John's wort in clinical research, although these events rarely occur (76120).
Psychiatric
...St.
John's wort can induce hypomania in depressed patients and mania in depressed patients with occult bipolar disorder (325,3524,3555,3568,10845,76047,76064,76137,110318). Cases of first-episode psychosis have been reported for females who used St. John's wort orally. In both cases, symptoms resolved following discontinuation of St. John's wort and treatment with antipsychotics for several weeks (13015,89664). Also, psychosis and delirium have been reported for a 76-year-old female patient who used St. John's wort for 3 weeks. The patient may have been predisposed to this effect due to undiagnosed dementia (76270). Restlessness, insomnia, panic, and anxiety have been noted for some patients taking St. John's wort orally (5073,13156,76070,76132,76268,76269,89665).
In isolated cases, St. John's wort has been associated with a syndrome consisting of extreme anxiety, confusion, nausea, hypertension, and tachycardia. These symptoms may occur within 2-3 weeks after it is started, in patients with no other predisposing factors. This syndrome has been diagnosed as the serotonin syndrome (6201,7811,110318). In one case, the symptoms began after consuming tyramine-containing foods, including aged cheese and red wine (7812). In an isolated case, a 51-year-old female reported having had suicidal and homicidal thoughts for 9 months while taking vitamin C and a St. John's wort extract. Symptoms disappeared within 3 weeks of discontinuing treatment (76111). A case of decreased libido has been reported for a 42-year-old male with mood and anxiety disorders who had taken St. John's wort orally for 9 months (7312).
St. John's wort has been associated with withdrawal effects similar to those found with conventional antidepressants. Headache, nausea, anorexia, dry mouth, thirst, cold chills, weight loss, dizziness, insomnia, paresthesia, confusion, and fatigue have been reported. Withdrawal effects are most likely to occur within two days after discontinuation but can occur one week or more after stopping treatment in some people. Occurrence of withdrawal symptoms may not be related to dose or duration of use (3569,11801).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, St. John's wort may cause sore throat, swollen glands, laryngitis, sinus ache, sweating, and hot flashes, although the frequency of these events appears to be similar to placebo (76150).
Renal ...Orally, St. John's wort has been associated with a case report of acute kidney failure in a 46-year-old female after one dose of homemade St. John's wort tea. Three sessions of hemodialysis were required before there was full recovery (106741). However, causality is unclear since the patient had also been taking diclofenac intermittently for a month prior to developing kidney failure.
Other ...Sjogren's syndrome has been reported in a patient taking herbal supplements including St. John's wort, echinacea, and kava. Echinacea may have been the primary cause, because Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder. The role of St. John's wort in causing this syndrome is unclear (10319).
General ...Topically, sulfur is generally well tolerated when used in concentrations of up to 10%. Adverse effects include skin dryness, irritation, and pruritus (27846,88112,88120,88121,88126). Orally, sulfur has been reported to cause diarrhea and metabolic acidosis (27845).
Dermatologic ...Topically, application of sulfur preparations can cause dryness, leading to local irritation and pruritus in up to 28% of patients (27846,88112,88120,88121,88126).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, sulfur is converted to sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract, causing intestinal irritation which can lead to diarrhea (27845).
Renal ...There is one case report of metabolic acidosis occurring in a 57-year-old woman who had consumed approximately 250 grams of flowers of sulfur, a form of sulfur prepared by sublimation, over a 6-day period (27845). Underlying conditions, including diabetes and renal failure, may have contributed to the acidosis. Sulfur is converted to sulfide by colonic bacteria and then to sulfate in various tissues, generating hydrogen ions which can lead to acidosis when clearance mechanisms are overwhelmed (27845).
