| Ingredients | Per Serving |
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Proprietary Blend
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2.5 mL |
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(herb)
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(resin)
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(leaf)
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Vegetable Glycerin, distilled Water, organic Grain Alcohol Note: approx. 5% - 10%
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product No Mo-Squito. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product No Mo-Squito. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Propolis has been used with apparent safety in clinical research at doses of up to 1500 mg daily (95883,99173,102520,102521). ...when used topically. Propolis as a 3% or 10% ointment, 0.5% cream, 30% mouth rinse, or 15% solution has been used with apparent safety in small clinical studies (799,1926,6602,8663,17629,17664,17665,92793,92800,95882)(99171,99173,102519,102521,105785,105786,108516,108523,109985).
PREGNANCY:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately during lactation.
Propolis 300 mg daily has been used for 4-10 months in one clinical study with no apparent adverse effects to nursing infants (102518).
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in food amounts (6,4120). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of rooibos when used orally in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Sweet Annie 300 mg daily has been used with apparent safety in studies lasting up to 9 months (11055,94520,94521). Sweet Annie tea, prepared from dried leaves and twigs and consumed in divided doses daily, has been used with apparent safety for up to 7 days (11055,11058). While rare, there is some concern that Sweet Annie might cause liver damage (16895,103254,103255).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used sublingually and appropriately, short-term. Sweet Annie up to 2400 biological units daily as sublingual immunotherapy has been used with apparent safety in studies lasting up to 16 months (106441,112392,112393,112394). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Sweet Annie when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product No Mo-Squito. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
 Details
In vitro research shows that propolis water extract and the propolis constituent, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, can inhibit platelet aggregation (50794,95885). Additionally, evidence from an animal model shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases INR, suggesting that propolis can decrease the effectiveness of warfarin (95874).
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Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP1A2 (92797,92799). However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP1A2 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP1A2 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect (92797). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Details
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C19 (92797,92799). However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C19 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C19 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect (92797). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Details
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C9 (92797,92799). However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C9 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C9 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect (92797). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Details
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2D6 (92797,92799). However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2D6 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2D6 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect (92797). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Details
In vitro research shows that propolis can inhibit CYP2E1 (92799). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
Some in vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP3A4 (92797); however, other in vitro research shows that propolis has no effect on CYP3A4 activity (92799). Furthermore, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP3A4 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that might in inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect (92797). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, propolis might decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
Details
Animal research shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases the international normalized ratio (INR) (95874). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with ACEIs may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of ACEIs.
Details
Clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking a single dose of rooibos tea, 400 mL orally, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (101253).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with atorvastatin may increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of atorvastatin.
Details
Animal research shows that consuming green rooibos extract with atorvastatin daily for 3 weeks increases the maximum plasma concentration of atorvastatin by 6-fold and reduces the clearance of atorvastatin (104211).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with CYP1A2 substrates may increase the effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the methanol extract of rooibos leaves and stems inhibits CYP1A2 enzyme activity (101251).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with CYP2C19 substrates may increase the effects of CYP2C19 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the methanol extract of rooibos leaves and stems strongly inhibits CYP2C19 enzyme activity (101251).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with CYP2C9 substrates may increase the effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the methanol extract of rooibos leaves and stems inhibits CYP2C9 enzyme activity (101251).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with CYP2D6 substrates may increase the effects of CYP2D6 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the methanol extract of rooibos leaves and stems inhibits CYP2D6 enzyme activity (101251).
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Theoretically, taking rooibos with CYP3A4 substrates may increase the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the methanol extract of rooibos leaves and stems strongly inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme activity (101251).
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Sweet Annie may alter plasma levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Details
In vitro research shows that the Sweet Annie constituent artemisinin induces CYP2B6, possibly increasing CYP2B6 activity by 1.6-fold (92501,109316). However, Sweet Annie extract seems to inhibit the activity of CYP2B6 in vitro, suggesting that other constituents of Sweet Annie play a role in its effects on the overall activity of this enzyme (109316). More information is needed to determine whether taking Sweet Annie extract affects the metabolism of CYP2B6 substrates.
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Sweet Annie may alter plasma levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
In vitro research shows that the Sweet Annie constituent artemisinin induces CYP3A4, possibly increasing CYP3A4 activity by 1.9-fold (92501). However, Sweet Annie extract seems to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 in vitro, suggesting that other constituents of Sweet Annie play a role in its effects on the overall activity of this enzyme (109316). More information is needed to determine whether taking Sweet Annie extract affects the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might have additive adverse hepatotoxic effects.
Details
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product No Mo-Squito. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally and topically, propolis seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Headache.
Topically: Contact cheilitis and contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Severe allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Dermatologic
...Propolis can cause allergic reactions and acute oral mucositis with ulceration from the use of the propolis-containing lozenges (2632).
Topically, propolis-containing products, including some cosmetics, can cause eczematous contact dermatitis, erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis, or allergic contact cheilitis (2632,15647,92796,92798,95878,95882,102517).
Patients allergic to bees or bee products may be more likely to experience allergic reactions to propolis.
Genitourinary ...Vulvar eczema caused by propolis sensitization after topical therapy has been reported (70067).
Hepatic ...Orally, propolis may cause an increase in liver enzymes when used long-term at high doses. In one case, a 30-year-old male presented with persistent abnormal liver enzymes for six months. With other causes ruled out, the patient disclosed using more than 10 propolis lozenges per day for several months to treat a sore throat. Upon discontinuation of the propolis lozenges, liver enzymes returned to normal (105788). Despite concerns presented in this case, analyses of small clinical studies suggest that propolis may have hepatoprotective effects when used at doses of 500-1000 mg daily for up to one year (108521,108522).
Immunologic
...In one case report, a 36-year-old female developed severe erythematous papules and patches with edema of the face, neck, arms, abdomen, and thighs after consuming propolis solution for a few weeks.
After symptom resolution, a patch test showed an extreme positive reaction to propolis (106443). In another case, laryngeal edema and severe anaphylactic reaction has been reported in a patient who used topical propolis for the treatment of acute pharyngitis. The patient died due to complications of hypoxia that resulted from the allergic reaction (70063).
Topically, propolis-containing products can cause allergic contact dermatitis, including cheilitis, when used on or near the lips or mouth (15647,92796,92798,102517). Propolis-containing lozenges can cause allergic reactions as well as acute oral mucositis with ulceration (2632).
Patients allergic to bees or bee products may be more likely to experience allergic reactions to propolis.
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, propolis may cause headache in some patients. In one clinical trial, around 7% of patients taking propolis 250 mg twice daily for 4 months reported mild headache (105786).
Renal ...In one case report, a 59-year-old male with cholangiocarcinoma developed acute kidney failure requiring hemodialysis after taking a Brazilian preparation of propolis 5 mL three times daily for 2 weeks. Renal function improved when propolis was discontinued. The patient restarted taking propolis and symptoms developed again and the patient again required hemodialysis. Symptoms of renal failure improved when propolis was finally discontinued. This product was not screened for contaminants; however, family members of this patient used the same product without apparent adverse effects (14300).
General
...There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of roobios.
A thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Hepatotoxicity.
Hepatic ...Orally, large and long-term doses of rooibos tea might cause hepatotoxicity in some susceptible patients. In a case-report, a 37-year-old man drinking 10 cups of rooibos tea daily for over a year presented with hepatic dysfunction and thrombocytopenia (101254).
General
...Orally, Sweet Annie is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Nausea and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Hepatotoxicity.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, Sweet Annie might cause gastrointestinal upset including nausea and vomiting in some patients (11058,112393).
Hepatic
...Orally, Sweet Annie might cause hepatic adverse effects (16895,103254,103255).
In one case, a 52-year-old patient developed hepatitis after taking the Sweet Annie constituent artemisinin 200 mg three times daily for 10 days. The patient developed abdominal pain and dark urine and was found to have elevated liver enzymes consistent with hepatitis. Symptoms resolved within 2 weeks of discontinuing use. Although it is possible this supplement caused liver disease in this patient, it is not certain. In clinical trials evaluating artemisinin, elevated liver enzymes have only been reported in around 0.9% of patients. However, the dose of artemisinin in this case was substantially higher than a typical dose (16895). A case of severe acute cholestatic hepatitis has also been reported in a 51-year-old male who drank Sweet Annie tea daily, prepared using 1.25 grams of Sweet Annie powder, for malaria prophylaxis during a 4-week trip to Ethiopia. Three weeks after his return, he presented with malaise, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, and markers of cholestasis. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and ursodeoxycholic acid and ultimately recovered (103255).
A series of cases linking the use of a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Sweet Annie to hepatoxicity has also been reported. Of the 29 reports of adverse hepatic reactions to this extract, 19 patients noted symptoms within 12 weeks of starting the extract, 16 patients experienced jaundice, and 9 patients required hospitalization. Other common symptoms of hepatotoxicity included abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, fever, headache, anorexia, malaise, fatigue, and lethargy. All but one case involved doses below or up to the extract's recommended dose of 300 mg daily. Upon discontinuation, symptoms resolved completely or were improved in nearly all cases (103254).
Immunologic ...One case of a mild allergic reaction to Sweet Annie tea has been reported. The reaction was characterized by a rash and cough that resolved quickly and did not require treatment (11059). When low doses are taken sublingually by individuals allergic to Sweet Annie, numbness of the tongue and throat itching have been reported (109315,112392,112393,112394).
