| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
|---|---|
|
Calories
|
200 Calorie(s) |
|
Calories from Fat
|
60 Calorie(s) |
|
Total Fat
|
6 Gram(s) |
|
Saturated Fat
|
2 Gram(s) |
|
Total Carbohydrates
|
32 Gram(s) |
|
Dietary Fiber
|
5.5 Gram(s) |
|
Sugar
|
21 Gram(s) |
|
Protein
|
4 Gram(s) |
|
Super Health Promoting Berry Blend
(supplying 1,500 mg ORAC units)
(Super Health Promoting Berry Blend Note: supplying 1,500 mg ORAC units )
|
260 mg |
|
(seed)
|
|
|
(juice)
|
|
|
(Polygonum cuspidatum )
(root)
(50% Resveratrol)
(Polygonum cuspidatum (Form: 50% Resveratrol) PlantPart: root Genus: Polygonum Species: cuspidatum )
|
|
|
(fruit)
|
|
|
(skin)
|
|
|
(Lycium )
(berry)
(Goji)
|
|
|
(fruit)
|
Cocoa, dehydrated Cane juice crystals PlantPart: juice, Coconut Oil Creamer (Form: Coconut Oil, Maltodextrin, Mono- and Diglycerides, Sodium Caseinate Note: a milk derivative, Sodium Silicoaluminate), Sunflower Oil Creamer, Natural Flavors, Salt, Silica
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product ChocoBerry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product ChocoBerry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Acai pulp, in a dose of up to 162.5 grams daily, has been used with apparent safety for up to 3 months in clinical research (17731,99400). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of acai when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Blueberry, as the whole fruit, juice, or in a powder formulation, is safe when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods (13533,92387,92388,92394,96467,97181,99139). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of blueberry when used topically or when the leaves are used orally.
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately in amounts commonly found in foods (13533,96465).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (13533,107281).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of blueberry for medicinal use; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when goji fruit preparations are used orally and appropriately, short-term. Goji berry whole fruit, boiled or steamed, has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 15 grams daily for 16 weeks (105489). Other goji berry products have also been used with apparent safety in clinical research, including a specific goji fruit juice (GoChi, FreeLife International) 120 mL daily for 30 days (52532), a goji fruit polysaccharide 300 mg daily for 3 months (92117), and a specific milk-based formulation of goji berry (Lacto-Wolfberry, Nestlé Research Center) for 3 months (52539). There has been some concern about the atropine content of goji; however, most analyses show that levels of atropine in goji berries from China and Thailand are far below potentially toxic levels (52524,94667). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oral use of other parts of the goji plant.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available.
Some animal research shows that goji fruit may stimulate the uterus (12). However, this has not been reported in humans. Until more is known, avoid using during pregnancy or lactation.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Grapes and grape skin extracts have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the whole fruit of the grape, or extracts of the fruit, seed, or leaf, are used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Grape seed extracts have been used with apparent safety in doses up to 200 mg daily for up to 11 months (9182,53016) and in doses up to 2000 mg daily for up to 3 months (53149,53190). Specific grape fruit extracts (Stilvid, Actafarma; Cognigrape, Bionap srl) have been used with apparent safety in doses up to 250-350 mg daily for 3-12 months or 700 mg daily for 6 months (53254,53256,96198). A specific grape leaf extract (AS 195, Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim) has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 720 mg daily for up to 3 months (2538,52985,53005,53206). A preparation of dehydrated whole grapes, equivalent to 250 grams of fresh grapes daily, has also been used with apparent safety for up to 30 days (18228). A specific grape seed extract (Enovita; Indena SpA) 150 mg twice daily, standardized to provide at least 95% oligomeric proanthocyanins, has been used with apparent safety for up to 16 weeks (108091) ...when used topically and appropriately. Creams and ointments containing grape seed extract 2% or 5% have been used topically with apparent safety for up to 3 weeks (91539,100955). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of other grape plant parts when used topically.
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.
Grapes and grape skin extracts have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912). However, whole grapes should be eaten with caution in children aged 5 years and under. Whole grapes can be a choking hazard for young children (96193). To reduce the risk of choking, whole grapes should be cut in half or quartered before being given to children. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of grape when used in medicinal amounts in children.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of medicinal amounts during pregnancy and breast-feeding; avoid using in amounts greater than what is commonly found in foods.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of hu zhang.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally. Mangosteen has been used with apparent safety at a dose of up to 560 mg daily for 12 weeks (110127). It has also been used with apparent safety in combination with Sphaeranthus indicus (Meratrim, Laila Nutraceuticals) or Indian cassia (Cindura, Laila Nutraceuticals), for a total dose of 800 mg daily for up to 16 weeks (97876,97878,97879,101079). ...when used topically as a single dose. Mangosteen pericarp 4% gel has been applied once along the gum line with apparent safety (97875).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when the fruit is used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (13622).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the fruit is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (6481,9796). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of red raspberry leaf when used orally or topically.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when the fruit is used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (13622).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when red raspberry leaf is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts during late pregnancy under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Red raspberry leaf is used by nurse midwives to facilitate delivery. There is some evidence that red raspberry leaf in doses of up to 2.4 grams daily, beginning at 32 weeks' gestation and continued until delivery, can be safely used for this purpose (6481,9796). Make sure patients do not use red raspberry leaf without the guidance of a healthcare professional.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when red raspberry leaf is used orally in medicinal amounts throughout pregnancy or for self-treatment.
Red raspberry leaf might have estrogenic effects (6180). These effects can adversely affect pregnancy. Tell pregnant patients not to use red raspberry leaf at any time during pregnancy without the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when the fruit is used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (13622).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of red raspberry leaf; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product ChocoBerry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, taking acai with antidiabetes drugs might interfere with glycemic control.
 Details
|
Theoretically, blueberries or blueberry leaf extracts might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
|
Theoretically, blueberry juice might increase blood levels of buspirone.
Details
In vitro research shows that blueberry juice can inhibit the metabolism of buspirone, possibly by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic research in humans shows that drinking 300 mL of blueberry juice 30 minutes before taking buspirone hydrochloride 10 mg does not significantly affect the concentration or clearance of buspirone (92385).
|
Theoretically, blueberry juice might increase blood levels of flurbiprofen.
Details
In vitro research shows that blueberry juice can inhibit the metabolism of flurbiprofen, possibly by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic research in humans shows that drinking 300 mL of blueberry juice 30 minutes before taking flurbiprofen 100 mg does not significantly affect the concentration or clearance of flurbiprofen (92385).
|
Theoretically, concomitant use of goji fruit polysaccharides or goji root bark with antidiabetes drugs might have additive effects.
Details
Animal and in vitro research show that goji root bark and fruit polysaccharides might have hypoglycemic effects (7126,92118,94667). However, clinical research has only shown that taking goji fruit polysaccharides with or without antidiabetes drugs modestly reduces postprandial glucose when compared with control, with no reports of hypoglycemia (92117).
|
Theoretically, concomitant use of goji root bark, but not goji fruit, with antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects.
Details
|
Theoretically, goji berry might inhibit CYP2C19 and reduce metabolism of CYP2C19 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that goji berry tincture and juice inhibit CYP2C19 enzymes (105486). Concomitant use with goji may decrease metabolism and increase levels of CYP2C19 substrates. However, this has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, goji berry might inhibit CYP2C9 and reduce metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that goji berry tincture and juice inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes (105486). Additionally, multiple case reports suggest that goji berry concentrated tea and juice inhibit the metabolism of warfarin, a CYP2C9 substrate (7158,105462). Concomitant use with goji may decrease metabolism and increase levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
|
Theoretically, goji berry might inhibit CYP2D6 and reduce metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that goji berry juice inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes (105486). Concomitant use with goji may decrease metabolism and increase levels of CYP2D6 substrates. However, this has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, goji berry might inhibit CYP3A4 and reduce metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that goji berry juice inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes (105486). Concomitant use with goji may decrease metabolism and increase levels of CYP3A4 substrates. However, this has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, goji berry might increase the levels and clinical effects of flecainide.
Details
In one case report, a 75-year-old patient stable on flecainide and warfarin presented to the emergency room with fainting and pleomorphic arrhythmia caused by flecainide toxicity. Flecainide toxicity was attributed to drinking 1-2 glasses of concentrated goji tea daily for 2 weeks. Theoretically, goji may have inhibited the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) metabolism of flecainide (105462).
|
Goji can increase the effects of warfarin and possibly increase the risk of bleeding.
Details
There are at least 5 case reports of increased international normalized ratio (INR) in patients stabilized on warfarin who began drinking goji juice, concentrated goji tea, or goji wine (7158,16529,23896,105462,105487). Goji may inhibit the metabolism of warfarin by cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) (7158).
|
Theoretically, grape extracts may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
|
Ingesting grape juice with cyclosporine can reduce cyclosporine absorption.
Details
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy young adults shows that intake of purple grape juice 200 mL along with cyclosporine can decrease the absorption of cyclosporine by up to 30% when compared with water (53177). Separate doses of grape juice and cyclosporine by at least 2 hours to avoid this interaction.
|
Theoretically, grape juice might reduce the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of CYP1A2 (2539).
|
It is unclear if grape juice or grape seed extract inhibits CYP2C9; research is conflicting.
Details
In vitro evidence shows that grape seed extract or grape juice might inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes (11094,53011,53089). However, a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that drinking 8 ounces of grape juice once does not affect the clearance of flurbiprofen, a probe-drug for CYP2C9 metabolism (11094). The effects of continued grape juice consumption are unclear.
|
Theoretically, grape seed extract may increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
Details
In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP2D6 enzymes (53011). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, grape seed extract might increase the levels of CYP2E1 substrates.
Details
In vitro and animal research suggests that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits CYP2E1 enzymes (52949). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
It is unclear if grape seed extract inhibits or induces CYP3A4; research is conflicting.
Details
|
Theoretically, long-term intake of grape seed extract might decrease the effects of midazolam.
Details
Animal research shows that subchronic ingestions of grape seed extract can increase the elimination of intravenous midazolam by increasing hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Single doses of grape seed extract do not appear to affect midazolam elimination (53011).
|
Grape juice might decrease phenacetin absorption.
Details
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) (2539).
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase the effects and adverse effects of carbamazepine.
Details
In animals, blood and tissue levels of carbamazepine were increased when given in combination with hu zhang. It is thought that increased levels of carbamazepine are due to cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition (101418). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A1.
Details
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
Hu zhang contains the constituent resveratrol. In vitro research shows that resveratrol might inhibit the CYP1A2 enzyme (21733). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1B1.
Details
Hu zhang contains the constituent resveratrol. In vitro research shows that resveratrol might inhibit the CYP1B1 enzyme (70834). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Details
Hu zhang contains the constituent resveratrol. In vitro research shows that resveratrol might inhibit the CYP2C19 enzyme (70896). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Details
Hu zhang contains the constituent resveratrol. In vitro research shows that resveratrol might inhibit the CYP2E1 enzyme (7864,70896). Also, a pharmacokinetic study shows that taking resveratrol 500 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking a single dose of chlorzoxazone 250 mg increases the maximum concentration of chlorzoxazone by about 54%, the area under the curve of chlorzoxazone by about 72%, and the half-life of chlorzoxazone by about 35% (95824). Chlorzoxazone is used as a probe drug for CYP2E1.
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
Hu zhang contains the constituent resveratrol. In vitro research shows that resveratrol might inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme (7864,70896). However, a clinical study in adults with NAFLD found that adding resveratrol 3000 mg daily for 8 weeks did not necessitate dose adjustments to any established medications metabolized by CYP3A4 (91327).
|
Theoretically, hu zhang might competitively inhibit the effects of estrogen replacement therapy.
Details
|
Theoretically, concomitant use of mangosteen with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk of bleeding.
Details
|
Theoretically, concomitant use of mangosteen with donepezil might increase the effects of donepezil.
Details
Animal research shows that concomitant use of an aqueous extract of mangosteen pericarp with donepezil increases brain concentrations of donepezil at 4 hours by 64% without associated effects on systemic exposure (106791).
|
Theoretically, taking red raspberry leaf with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding.
Details
In vitro research suggests that red raspberry leaf extract has antiplatelet activity and enhances the in vitro effects of the antiplatelet medication cangrelor (96300). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
|
Red raspberry leaf might reduce glucose levels in patients being treated with insulin.
Details
In one case report, a 38-year-old patient with gestational diabetes, whose blood glucose was being controlled with medical nutrition therapy and insulin, developed hypoglycemia after consuming two servings of raspberry leaf tea daily for 3 days beginning at 32 weeks' gestation. The patient required an insulin dose reduction. The hypoglycemia was considered to be probably related to use of red raspberry leaf tea (96299).
|
Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product ChocoBerry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General ...Orally, acai seems to be well tolerated.
Other ...Raw acai fruit and juice can be contaminated with a parasitic protozoan called Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes American trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease. A Brazilian outbreak of this disease in 2006 was linked to consumption of acai juice (17194,30245).
General
...Orally, blueberry is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting with freeze-dried blueberries.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, freeze-dried blueberries may cause constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. In one clinical trial, 26% of patients taking freeze-dried blueberries 50 grams daily dropped out in the first week of the study due to gastrointestinal complaints (107278).
General
...Orally, goji fruit seems to be well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.
Dermatologic ...A case of photosensitivity secondary to consumption of goji berries has been reported. The patient presented with a pruriginous eruption that had lasted for 2 weeks. The patient had been taking goji berries for 5 months and cat's claw for 3 months. Upon testing, it was revealed that the patient tested positive to goji berries in a photoprovocation test, but not to cat's claw (40263).
Hepatic ...Orally, consumption of goji berries has been associated with a single case report of autoimmune hepatitis (52541). A case of acute hepatitis has also been reported in a female who consumed 2 ounces of a specific combination product (Euforia, Nuverus International) containing goji berry, pomegranate, curcumin, green tea, noni, acai berry, aloe vera, blueberry, resveratrol, mangosteen, and black seed, daily for one month. It is unclear whether the liver injury was caused by goji berry, other ingredients, or the combination (90125).
Immunologic ...Several cases of allergic reactions secondary to consumption of goji berries have been reported. Symptoms included facial angioedema with dyspnea, pharyngeal itching, itching in the mouth, ears, and axilla, labial angioedema, and perioral skin rash (92116). Anaphylaxis has also been reported (52538).
General
...Orally, the whole fruit, as well as the seed, fruit, and leaf extracts, seem to be well tolerated.
Topically, grape seed extracts seem to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, headache, joint pain, and nausea.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis to grape skin has been reported.
Dermatologic ...Orally, mild hair thinning has been reported in a patient taking a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (2538). Urticaria (hives) has also been reported with this same extract (53206). Cases of contact dermatitis have been reported in grape workers, including those working in California vineyards (53270,53272,53275).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, abdominal pain and nausea have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects typically occur at rates similar to placebo (9182,13162). In a case report of a 57-year-old man, intermittent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred over a 10-day period and improved once grape seed extract was stopped (96764). Gastrointestinal adverse effects have also been reported with use of a different grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of gastrointestinal effects were not described (100954). A specific grape leaf extract AS195 (Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG) has reportedly caused flatulence, mild constipation, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, dyspepsia, dry mouth, and retching (2538,52985,53206). Diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, indigestion, and aversion to taste have been reported with use of Concord grape juice (52972,53166,53175,53181,53199). Loose stools have been reported in a clinical trial of grape pomace (99270). Bowel obstruction caused by intact grapes and grape seeds has been described in case reports (53241,53284,53278). Excessive consumption of grapes, dried grapes, raisins, or sultanas might cause diarrhea due to laxative effects (4201).
Hematologic ...Orally, one case of leg hematoma following a minor trauma was reported in a person using grape leaf extract (2538). Also, one case of bruising was reported in a person drinking Concord grape juice daily for 2 weeks (52972).
Immunologic ...Orally, there is one report of an anaphylactic reaction to oral grape skin extract, which included urticaria and angioedema (4073).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, musculoskeletal disorders, including back pain, have been reported with use of a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (2538,53206). Joint pain and lumbago have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects occur at rates similar to placebo (91541).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, headache has been reported with use of grape seed extract, but this effect occurs at rates similar to placebo (9182,91541). A specific grape leaf extract AS195 (Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG) has reportedly caused dizziness, tiredness, headache, and sleep problems (2538,53206). As a class, nervous system adverse effects have been reported with use of a specific grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of adverse neurologic effects were not described (100954).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, ocular adverse effects have been reported with use of a specific grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of ocular adverse effects were not described (100954).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, nasopharyngitis and oropharyngeal pain have been reported with use of a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (53206). Sore throat, cough, allergic rhinitis, and nasopharyngitis have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects occur at rates similar to placebo (9182,91541). One case report describes a 16-year-old female who developed increased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) following skin-prick exposure to grape vine pollen, as well as positive test responses following bronchial and conjunctival provocation (53301). Reduced forced vital capacity has been described in California grape workers (53080,53081). Occupational eosinophilic lung was diagnosed in a grape grower with a history of asthma. Respiratory exposure to sulfites in grape was implicated as the cause of the adverse reaction (53285).
Other
...Orally, grape products can cause adverse effects due to contamination with pesticides or mycotoxins.
Some evidence has shown that pesticides used in vineyards may remain on grape surfaces post-harvesting. For example, the fungicide folpet sprayed on grapevines has been shown to remain on the grape surface. Although there was minimal penetration of the epicuticular wax, it showed high resistance to washing (52935). Carbaryl has been identified in over 58% of juice samples collected in Canada. This pesticide reportedly occurred more frequently in grape than in other juices. However, estimates of short-term intake were below proposed acute reference doses (53003).
Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin that is suspected to be nephrotoxic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic and carcinogenic and has been identified in grape juice, frozen grape pulps, and red and white wine sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. However, the highest levels identified in grape products were lower than the established virtually safe dose of 5 ng/kg of body weight daily (53010,53004). Ochratoxin A has also been identified in red, but not white, grape juice marketed in Switzerland, Canada, and the U.S. (53292,53020).
General ...There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of hu zhang.
General
...Orally, mangosteen is generally well tolerated.
Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Lactic acidosis.
Dermatologic ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause skin rash. It is not known if this side effect was related to mangosteen (97877).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause constipation, abnormal stool, abdominal discomfort, abdominal bloating, salivation, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. It is not known if these side effects were related to mangosteen (97877).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause mild tiredness, headache, dizziness, and malaise. It is not known if these side effects were related to mangosteen (97877).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause dry throat, flu-like symptoms, cough, and nasal congestion. It is not known if these side effects were related to mangosteen (97877).
Renal ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause abnormal urination. It is not known if this side effect was related to mangosteen (97877). In one case report, a patient with chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome consumed mangosteen juice daily for 12 months and later presented with severe lactic acidosis. The juice was reported to contain 250 mg of mangosteen with 25 mg alpha-mangostin per ounce. Alpha-mangostin appears to inhibit mitochondrial function, disrupting the electron transport chain and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, causing accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inducing apoptosis. Researchers speculate that these effects might have led to lactic acidosis in this patient (16399).
Other ...Orally, mangosteen extract up to 560 mg daily has been reported to cause weight loss. It is not known if this side effect was related to mangosteen (97877).
General
...Orally, red raspberry fruit is well tolerated.
There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of red raspberry leaf.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, gastrointestinal upset, and epigastric pain. However, these adverse effects do not commonly occur with typical doses.
Dermatologic ...A liquid containing red raspberry leaf cell culture extract 0. 0005%, vitamin C 20%, and vitamin E 1% (Antioxidant and Collagen Booster Serum, Max Biocare Pty Ltd.) has been reported to cause mild tingling and skin tightness (102355). It is unclear if these effects are due to red raspberry leaf, the other ingredients, or the combination.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, red raspberry may cause gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and epigastric pain (112127).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A case of occupational asthma due to the inhalation of red raspberry powder has been reported for a 35-year-old female. Symptoms included wheezing and shortness of breath (70370).
