Reid RM. Cultural and medical perspectives on geophagia. Med Anthropol 1992;13(4):337-51. View abstract.

Halsted JA. Geophagia in man: its nature and nutritional effects. Am J Clin Nutr 1968;21(12):1384-93. View abstract.

Hunter JM, DeKleine R. Geophagy in Central America. Geogr Rev 1984;74(2):157-69. View abstract.

Gonzalez JJ, Owens W, Ungaro PC, et al. Clay ingestion: a rare cause of hypokalemia. Ann Intern Med 1982;97(1):65-6. View abstract.

Mengel CE, Carter WA, Horton ES. Geophagia with iron deficiency and hypokalemia. Cachexia Africana. Arch Intern Med 1964;114:470-4. View abstract.

Severance HW Jr, Holt T, Patrone NA, Chapman L. Profound muscle weakness and hypokalemia due to clay ingestion. South Med J 1988;81(2):272-4. View abstract.

Minnich V, Okcuoglu A, Tarcon Y, et al. Pica in Turkey. II. Effect of clay upon iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1968;21(1):78-86. View abstract.

Corbett RW, Ryan C, Weinrich SP. Pica in pregnancy: does it affect pregnancy outcomes? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2003;28(3):183-9. View abstract.

O'Rourke DE, Quinn JG, Nicholson JO, Gibson HH. Geophagia during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1967;29(4):581-4. View abstract.

Edwards CE, McDonald S, Mitchell JK, et al. Effect of clay and cornstarch intake on women and their infants. J Amer Diet Assoc 1964;44:109-15. View abstract.

Carpenter WM. Observations on Cachexia Africana, on habits and effects of dirt eating in negro race. New Orleans Med Surg J 1844;1:146-68.

Ducrotte P, Dapoigny M, Bonaz B, Siproudhis L. Symptomatic efficacy of beidellitic montmorillonite in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(4):435-44. View abstract.

Chang FY, Lu CL, Chen CY, Luo JC. Efficacy of dioctahedral smectite in treating patients of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22(12):2266-72. View abstract.

Blum M, Orton C, Rose L. The effect of starch ingestion on excessive iron association, abstracted. Ann Intern Med 1968;68:1165.

Ukaonu C, Hill DA, Christensen F. Hypokalemic myopathy in pregnancy caused by clay ingestion. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(5 Pt 2):1169-71. View abstract.

Andrews PL, Horn CC. Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Auton Neurosci 2006;125(1-2):100-15. View abstract.

Wang JS, Luo H, Billam M, et al. Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. Food Addit Contam 2005;22(3):270-9. View abstract.

Bateson EM, Lebroy T. Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory. Med J Aust 1978;1 Suppl 1:1-3. View abstract.

Delaitre B, Lemaigre G, Acar JF, et al. [Necrotizing enteritis and geophagia]. Nouv Presse Med 1976;5(28):1743-6. View abstract.

Sanchez A JE. Perforation of the colon due to clay ball. Arch Surg 1978;113(7):906. View abstract.

Prasad AS, Halsted JA, Nadimi M. Syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatospelenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism and geophagia. Am J Med 1961;31:532-46.

Bennett A, Stryjewski G. Severe hypokalemia caused by oral and rectal administration of bentonite in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006;22(7):500-2. View abstract.

Guinee VF. Pica and lead poisoning. Nutr Rev 1971;29(12):267-9. View abstract.

Getahun H, Lambein F, Vanhoorne M, Van der Stuyft P. Neurolathyrism risk depends on type of grass pea preparation and on mixing with cereals and antioxidants. Trop Med Int Health 2005;10(2):169-78. View abstract.

Trivedi TH, Daga GL, Yeolekar ME. Geophagia leading to hypokalemic quadriparesis in a postpartum patient. J Assoc Physicians India 2005;53:205-7. View abstract.

Fredj G, Farinotti R, Salvadori C, et al. [Topical digestive drugs with a clay base. Influence on the absorption of cimetidine]. Therapie 1986;41(1):23-5. View abstract.

Dominy NJ, Davoust E, Minekus M. Adaptive function of soil consumption: an in vitro study modeling the human stomach and small intestine. J Exp Biol 2004;207(Pt 2):319-24. View abstract.

Edwards CH, McDonald S, Mitchell JR, et al. Clay- and cornstarch-eating women. J Amer Diet Asoc 1959;35:810-5. View abstract.

Morri RJ, Williams DE, Luu HA, et al. The adsorption of microcystin-LR by natural clay particles. Toxicon 2000;38(2):303-8. View abstract.

Phillips TD, Sarr AB, Grant PG. Selective chemisorption and detoxification of aflatoxins by phyllosilicate clay. Nat Toxins 1995;3(4):204-13. View abstract.

Phillips TD. Dietary clay in the chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced disease. Toxicol Sci 1999;52(2 Suppl):118-26. View abstract.

Phillips TD, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Williams J, et al. Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008;25(2):134-45. View abstract.

Afriyie-Gyawu E, Ankrah NA, Huebner HJ, et al. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. I. Study design and clinical outcomes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008;25(1):76-87. View abstract.

Pariente EA, De La Garoullaye G. A multicenter comparative study of a mucilage (Karaya gum + PVPP) versus clay in functional intestinal disorders. Med Chir Dig 1994;23(3):193-9.

Guggenheim S, Martin RT. Definition of clay and clay mineral; joint report of the AIPEA nomenclature and CMS nomenclature committees. Clays Clay Minerals 1995;43(2):255-256.

Woywodt A, Kiss A. Geophagia: the history of earth-eating. J R Soc Med 2002;95(3):143-6. View abstract.

Frate DA. Last of the earth eaters. The Sciences 1984;24(6):34-38.

Gao X, Miao R, Tao Y, Chen X, Wan C, Jia R. Effect of Montmorillonite powder on intestinal mucosal barrier in children with abdominal Henoch-Schonlein purpura: A randomized controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(39):e12577. View abstract.

Pérez-Gaxiola G, Cuello-García CA, Florez ID, Pérez-Pico VM. Smectite for acute infectious diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD011526. View abstract.

Pollock BH, Elmore S, Romoser A, et al. Intervention trial with calcium montmorillonite clay in a south Texas population exposed to aflatoxin. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2016;33(8):1346-54. View abstract.

Kee BK, Morris JS, Slack RS, et al. A phase II, randomized, double blind trial of calcium aluminosilicate clay versus placebo for the prevention of diarrhea in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(3):661-70. View abstract.

Mitchell NJ, Kumi J, Aleser M, et al. Short-term safety and efficacy of calcium montmorillonite clay (UPSN) in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(4):777-85. View abstract.

Gupta M, Sachdev A, Lehl SS, Singh K. Clay impaction causing acute dysphagia. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013. pii: bcr2013008929. View abstract.

Lin JX, Fan ZY, Lin Q, et al. A comparison of dioctahedral smectite and iodine glycerin cream with topical mouth rinse in treatment of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis: a pilot study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2015;19(2):136-41. View abstract.

Schmidt C, Oxley Oxland J, Freercks R. A rare case of hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia secondary to geophagia. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 May 12;14(5):e239322. View abstract.

Da Silva K, Guilly S, Thirion F, et al. Long-term diosmectite use does not alter the gut microbiota in adults with chronic diarrhea. BMC Microbiol 2022;22(1):54. View abstract.