Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, Kromhout D, Hornstra G. A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:213-9. View abstract.

Qureshi AA, Qureshi N, Wright JJ, et al. Lowering of serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans by tocotrienols (palmvitee). Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1021S-6S. View abstract.

Qureshi AA, Bradlow BA, Brace L, et al. Response of hypercholesterolemic subjects to administration of tocotrienols. Lipids 1995;30:1171-7. View abstract.

Baumann LS, Spencer JS. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:311-5. View abstract.

Nesaretnam K, Ambra R, Selvaduray KR, et al. Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil affects gene expression in tumors resulting from MCF-7 cell inoculation in athymic mice. Lipids 2004;39:459-67. View abstract.

Nesaretnam K, Ambra R, Selvaduray KR, et al. Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil and gene expression in human breast cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1031:143-57. View abstract.

Agarwal MK, Agarwal ML, Athar M, Gupta S. Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil activates p53, modulates Bax/Bcl2 ratio and induces apoptosis independent of cell cycle association. Cell Cycle 2004;3;205-11. View abstract.

Schaffer, S., Muller, W. E., and Eckert, G. P. Tocotrienols: constitutional effects in aging and disease. J Nutr 2005;135(2):151-154. View abstract.

Nesaretnam, K., Stephen, R., Dils, R., and Darbre, P. Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status. Lipids 1998;33(5):461-469. View abstract.

Sen, C. K., Khanna, S., and Roy, S. Tocotrienol: the natural vitamin E to defend the nervous system? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1031:127-142. View abstract.

Das, S., Nesaretnam, K., and Das, D. K. Tocotrienols in cardioprotection. Vitam Horm 2007;76:419-433. View abstract.

van Haaften, R. I., Haenen, G. R., Evelo, C. T., and Bast, A. Tocotrienols inhibit human glutathione S-transferase P1-1. IUBMB Life 2002;54(2):81-84. View abstract.

Suarna, C., Hood, R. L., Dean, R. T., and Stocker, R. Comparative antioxidant activity of tocotrienols and other natural lipid-soluble antioxidants in a homogeneous system, and in rat and human lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1166(2-3):163-170. View abstract.

Chao, J. T., Gapor, A., and Theriault, A. Inhibitory effect of delta-tocotrienol, a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, on monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2002;48(5):332-337. View abstract.

O'Byrne, D., Grundy, S., Packer, L., Devaraj, S., Baldenius, K., Hoppe, P. P., Kraemer, K., Jialal, I., and Traber, M. G. Studies of LDL oxidation following alpha-, gamma-, or delta-tocotrienyl acetate supplementation of hypercholesterolemic humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29(9):834-845. View abstract.

Parker, R. A., Pearce, B. C., Clark, R. W., Gordon, D. A., and Wright, J. J. Tocotrienols regulate cholesterol production in mammalian cells by post-transcriptional suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. J Biol Chem 1993;268(15):11230-11238. View abstract.

Song, B. L. and DeBose-Boyd, R. A. Insig-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase stimulated by delta- and gamma-tocotrienols. J Biol Chem 2006;281(35):25054-25061. View abstract.

Guthrie, N., Gapor, A., Chambers, A. F., and Carroll, K. K. Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and -positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by palm oil tocotrienols and tamoxifen, alone and in combination. J Nutr 1997;127(3):544S-548S. View abstract.

Wada, S., Satomi, Y., Murakoshi, M., Noguchi, N., Yoshikawa, T., and Nishino, H. Tumor suppressive effects of tocotrienol in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Lett 2005;229(2):181-191. View abstract.

Naguib, Y., Hari, S. P., Passwater, R., Jr., and Huang, D. Antioxidant activities of natural vitamin E formulations. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2003;49(4):217-220. View abstract.

Fuchs, J., Weber, S., Podda, M., Groth, N., Herrling, T., Packer, L., and Kaufmann, R. HPLC analysis of vitamin E isoforms in human epidermis: correlation with minimal erythema dose and free radical scavenging activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34(3):330-336. View abstract.

Weng-Yew, W., Selvaduray, K. R., Ming, C. H., and Nesaretnam, K. Suppression of tumor growth by palm tocotrienols via the attenuation of angiogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2009;61(3):367-373. View abstract.

Hussein, D. and Mo, H. d-o-tocotrienol-mediated suppression of the proliferation of human PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Pancreas 2009;38(4):e124-e136. View abstract.

Elangovan, S., Hsieh, T. C., and Wu, J. M. Growth inhibition of human MDA-mB-231 breast cancer cells by delta-tocotrienol is associated with loss of cyclin D1/CDK4 expression and accompanying changes in the state of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product. Anticancer Res 2008;28(5A):2641-2647. View abstract.

Sun, W., Wang, Q., Chen, B., Liu, J., Liu, H., and Xu, W. Gamma-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells is associated with a suppression in mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Br J Nutr 2008;99(6):1247-1254. View abstract.

Ahn, K. S., Sethi, G., Krishnan, K., and Aggarwal, B. B. Gamma-tocotrienol inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway through inhibition of receptor-interacting protein and TAK1 leading to suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and potentiation of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2007;282(1):809-820. View abstract.

Nesaretnam, K., Guthrie, N., Chambers, A. F., and Carroll, K. K. Effect of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Lipids 1995;30(12):1139-1143. View abstract.

Yu, W., Simmons-Menchaca, M., Gapor, A., Sanders, B. G., and Kline, K. Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols. Nutr Cancer 1999;33(1):26-32. View abstract.

Nesaretnam, K., Dorasamy, S., and Darbre, P. D. Tocotrienols inhibit growth of ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000;51 Suppl:S95-103. View abstract.

Takahashi, K. and Loo, G. Disruption of mitochondria during tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67(2):315-324. View abstract.

Sylvester, P. W., Nachnani, A., Shah, S., and Briski, K. P. Role of GTP-binding proteins in reversing the antiproliferative effects of tocotrienols in preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11 Suppl 7:S452-S459. View abstract.

Goh, S. H., Hew, N. F., Norhanom, A. W., and Yadav, M. Inhibition of tumour promotion by various palm-oil tocotrienols. Int J Cancer 1994;57(4):529-531. View abstract.

Naito, Y., Shimozawa, M., Kuroda, M., Nakabe, N., Manabe, H., Katada, K., Kokura, S., Ichikawa, H., Yoshida, N., Noguchi, N., and Yoshikawa, T. Tocotrienols reduce 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced monocyte-endothelial cell interaction by inhibiting the surface expression of adhesion molecules. Atherosclerosis 2005;180(1):19-25. View abstract.

Zhou, C., Tabb, M. M., Sadatrafiei, A., Grun, F., and Blumberg, B. Tocotrienols activate the steroid and xenobiotic receptor, SXR, and selectively regulate expression of its target genes. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32(10):1075-1082. View abstract.

Rubin, B. Y., Anderson, S. L., and Kapas, L. Can the therapeutic efficacy of tocotrienols in neurodegenerative familial dysautonomia patients be measured clinically? Antioxid Redox Signal 2008;10(4):837-841. View abstract.

Anderson, S. L., Qiu, J., and Rubin, B. Y. Tocotrienols induce IKBKAP expression: a possible therapy for familial dysautonomia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;306(1):303-309. View abstract.

Hayes, K. C., Pronczuk, A., and Liang, J. S. Differences in the plasma transport and tissue concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols: observations in humans and hamsters. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993;202(3):353-359. View abstract.

Schwedhelm, E., Maas, R., Troost, R., and Boger, R. H. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antioxidants and their impact on systemic oxidative stress. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(5):437-459. View abstract.

Yap, S. P. and Yuen, K. H. Influence of lipolysis and droplet size on tocotrienol absorption from self-emulsifying formulations. Int J Pharm 2004;281(1-2):67-78. View abstract.

Lodge, J. K., Ridlington, J., Leonard, S., Vaule, H., and Traber, M. G. Alpha- and gamma-tocotrienols are metabolized to carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman derivatives and excreted in human urine. Lipids 2001;36(1):43-48. View abstract.

Sontag, T. J. and Parker, R. S. Influence of major structural features of tocopherols and tocotrienols on their omega-oxidation by tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase. J Lipid Res 2007;48(5):1090-1098. View abstract.

Fairus, S., Nor, R. M., Cheng, H. M., and Sundram, K. Postprandial metabolic fate of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E differs significantly from that of alpha-tocopherol. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(4):835-842. View abstract.

Khosla, P., Patel, V., Whinter, J. M., Khanna, S., Rakhkovskaya, M., Roy, S., and Sen, C. K. Postprandial levels of the natural vitamin E tocotrienol in human circulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006;8(5-6):1059-1068. View abstract.

Qureshi, A. A., Sami, S. A., Salser, W. A., and Khan, F. A. Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans. Atherosclerosis 2002;161(1):199-207. View abstract.

Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Kannappan R. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: Its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80(11):1613-1631. View abstract.

Choudhury, N., Tan, L., and Truswell, A. S. Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(5):1043-1051. View abstract.

Mustad, V. A., Smith, C. A., Ruey, P. P., Edens, N. K., and DeMichele, S. J. Supplementation with 3 compositionally different tocotrienol supplements does not improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(6):1237-1243. View abstract.

Baliarsingh, S., Beg, Z. H., and Ahmad, J. The therapeutic impacts of tocotrienols in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2005;182(2):367-374. View abstract.

Shen CL, Wang S, Yang S, et al. A 12-week evaluation of annatto tocotrienol supplementation for postmenopausal women: safety, quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 28;18(1):198. View abstract.

Mahipal A, Klapman J, Vignesh S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E d-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;78(1):157-65. Epub 2016 Jun 8. View abstract.

Meganathan P, Jabir RS, Fuang HG, et al. A new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol has superior bioavailability compared to existing Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in healthy human subjects. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 1;5:13550. View abstract.

Schuchardt JP, Heine S, Hahn A. A combination of palm oil tocotrienols and citrus peel polymethoxylated flavones does not influence elevated LDL cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Nov;69(11):1209-14. Epub 2015 Apr 1. View abstract.

Magosso E, Ansari MA, Gopalan Y, et al. Tocotrienols for normalisation of hepatic echogenic response in nonalcoholic fatty liver: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutr J. 2013 Dec 27;12(1):166. View abstract.

Patel V, Rink C, Gordillo GM, et al. Oral tocotrienols are transported to human tissues and delay the progression of the model for end-stage liver disease score in patients. J Nutr. 2012 Mar;142(3):513-9. Epub 2012 Feb 1. View abstract.

Nesaretnam K, Selvaduray KR, Abdul Razak G, Veerasenan SD, Gomez PA. Effectiveness of tocotrienol-rich fraction combined with tamoxifen in the management of women with early breast cancer: a pilot clinical trial. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(5):R81. Epub 2010 Oct 8. View abstract.

Khoo TL, Halim AS, Zakaria Z, Mat Saad AZ, Wu LY, Lau HY. A prospective, randomised, double-blinded trial to study the efficacy of topical tocotrienol in the prevention of hypertrophic scars. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Jun;64(6):e137-45. Epub 2010 Sep 24. View abstract.

Cheishvili D, Maayan C, Holzer N, et al. Tocotrienol Treatment in Familial Dysautonomia: Open-Label Pilot Study. J Mol Neurosci. 2016 Jul;59(3):382-91. Epub 2016 Apr 30. View abstract.

Tan GCJ, Tan SMQ, Phang SCW, et al. Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E improves diabetic nephropathy and persists 6-9 months after washout: a phase IIa randomized controlled trial. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019;10:2042018819895462. View abstract.

Ng YT, Phang SCW, Tan GCJ, et al. The Effects of Tocotrienol-Rich Vitamin E (Tocovid) on Diabetic Neuropathy: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1522. View abstract.

Pervez MA, Khan DA, Slehria AUR, Ijaz A. Delta-tocotrienol supplementation improves biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102494. View abstract.

Zuo S, Wang G, Han Q, et al. The effects of tocotrienol supplementation on lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102450. View abstract.

Sekikawa T, Kizawa Y, Li Y, Takara T. Cognitive function improvement with astaxanthin and tocotrienol intake: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2020;67(3):307-316. View abstract.

Chuar PF, Ng YT, Phang SCW, et al. Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E (Tocovid) improved nerve conduction velocity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a phase II double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutrients. 2021 Oct 25;13(11):3770. View abstract.

Khor BH, Tiong HC, Tan SC, et al. Effects of tocotrienols supplementation on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0255205. View abstract.

Koay YY, Tan GCJ, Phang SCW, et al. A phase IIb randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E on diabetic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 18;13(1):258. View abstract.

Mahjabeen W, Khan DA, Mirza SA, Pervez MA. Effects of delta-tocotrienol supplementation on glycemic control, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and miRNA expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized control trial. Phytother Res. 2021;35(7):3968-76. View abstract.

Suleman F, Khan DA, Pervez MA, Aamir M. Effects of delta-tocotrienol supplementation on glycaemic control in individuals with prediabetes: A randomized controlled study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(1):4-7. View abstract.

Fatima S, Khan DA, Aamir M, Pervez MA, Fatima F. d-Tocotrienol in Combination with Resveratrol Improves the Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023;21(1):25-34. View abstract.

Phang SCW, Ahmad B, Abdul Kadir K, M Palanisamy UD. Effects of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Supplementation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2023;14(5):1159-1169. View abstract.