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McCarty MF. Co-administration of equimolar doses of betaine may alleviate the hepatotoxic risk associated with niacin therapy. Med Hypotheses 2000;55:189-94. View abstract.

McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Robson RA, et al. Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2002;61:1040-6. View abstract.

Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PloS Med 2005;2:e135. View abstract.

Filipowicz M., Bernsmeier C., Terracciano L., Duong F. H., Heim M. H. S-adenosyl-methionine and betaine improve early virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with previous nonresponse. PLoS One 2010;5(11):e15492. View abstract.

van Guldener, C., Janssen, M. J., de Meer, K., Donker, A. J., and Stehouwer, C. D. Effect of folic acid and betaine on fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine and methionine levels in chronic haemodialysis patients. J.Intern.Med. 1999;245(2):175-183. View abstract.

Brouwer, I. A., Verhoef, P., and Urgert, R. Betaine supplementation and plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteers. Arch.Intern.Med. 9-11-2000;160(16):2546-2547. View abstract.

Miglio, F., Rovati, L. C., Santoro, A., and Setnikar, I. Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(8):722-727. View abstract.

Knopman, D. and Patterson, M. An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 2001;15(3):162-165. View abstract.

Yap, S., Boers, G. H., Wilcken, B., Wilcken, D. E., Brenton, D. P., Lee, P. J., Walter, J. H., Howard, P. M., and Naughten, E. R. Vascular outcome in patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency treated chronically: a multicenter observational study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2001;21(12):2080-2085. View abstract.

Fernandez-Figares, I., Wray-Cahen, D., Steele, N. C., Campbell, R. G., Hall, D. D., Virtanen, E., and Caperna, T. J. Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig. J Anim Sci 2002;80(2):421-428. View abstract.

Steenge, G. R., Verhoef, P., and Katan, M. B. Betaine supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. J.Nutr. 2003;133(5):1291-1295. View abstract.

Zeisel, S. H., Mar, M. H., Howe, J. C., and Holden, J. M. Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. J.Nutr. 2003;133(5):1302-1307. View abstract.

Olthof, M. R., van Vliet, T., Boelsma, E., and Verhoef, P. Low dose betaine supplementation leads to immediate and long term lowering of plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. J.Nutr. 2003;133(12):4135-4138. View abstract.

Schwab, U., Torronen, A., Meririnne, E., Saarinen, M., Alfthan, G., Aro, A., and Uusitupa, M. Orally administered betaine has an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy humans. J Nutr 2006;136(1):34-38. View abstract.

Navratil, T., Petr, M., Senholdova, Z., Pristoupilova, K., Pristoupil, T. I., Heyrovsky, M., Pelclova, D., and Kohlikova, E. Diagnostic significance of urinary thiodiglycolic acid as a possible tool for studying the role of vitamins B12 and folates in the metabolism of thiolic substances. Physiol Res 2007;56(1):113-122. View abstract.

Moat, S. J., Madhavan, A., Taylor, S. Y., Payne, N., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., Goodfellow, J., McDowell, I. F., Lewis, M. J., and Lang, D. High- but not low-dose folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(12):850-859. View abstract.

Kemeny, L., Koreck, A., Kis, K., Kenderessy-Szabo, A., Bodai, L., Cimpean, A., Paunescu, V., Raica, M., and Ghyczy, M. Endogenous phospholipid metabolite containing topical product inhibits ultraviolet light-induced inflammation and DNA damage in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2007;20(3):155-161. View abstract.

Cave, M., Deaciuc, I., Mendez, C., Song, Z., Joshi-Barve, S., Barve, S., and McClain, C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predisposing factors and the role of nutrition. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18(3):184-195. View abstract.

Horrocks, A. Prontosan wound irrigation and gel: management of chronic wounds. Br J Nurs. 12-14-2006;15(22):1222, 1224-1222, 1228. View abstract.

Roblin, X., Pofelski, J., and Zarski, J. P. [Steatosis, chronic hepatitis virus C infection and homocysteine]. Gastroenterol.Clin Biol 2007;31(4):415-420. View abstract.

Bidulescu, A., Chambless, L. E., Siega-Riz, A. M., Zeisel, S. H., and Heiss, G. Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC.Cardiovasc.Disord. 2007;7:20. View abstract.

Ship, J. A., McCutcheon, J. A., Spivakovsky, S., and Kerr, A. R. Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouth. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(10):724-732. View abstract.

Sharma, A. P., Greenberg, C. R., Prasad, A. N., and Prasad, C. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to cobalamin C (cblC) disorder. Pediatr.Nephrol. 2007;22(12):2097-2103. View abstract.

Zhang, Y., Song, J. Q., Liu, P., Yan, R., Dong, J. H., Yang, Y. L., Wang, L. F., Jiang, Y. W., Zhang, Y. H., Qin, J., and Wu, X. R. [Clinical studies on fifty-seven Chinese patients with combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocysteinemia]. Zhonghua Er.Ke.Za Zhi. 2007;45(7):513-517. View abstract.

Muller, P., Horneff, G., and Hennermann, J. B. [A rare inborn error of intracellular processing of cobalamine presenting with microcephalus and megaloblastic anemia: a report of 3 children]. Klin.Padiatr. 2007;219(6):361-367. View abstract.

Cheng, K. H., Hung, M. C., Chen, S. J., Kao, C. H., and Niu, D. M. Lenticular subluxation in a patient with homocystinuria undetected by neonatal screening. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007;70(12):562-564. View abstract.

Atkinson, W., Elmslie, J., Lever, M., Chambers, S. T., and George, P. M. Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):577-585. View abstract.

Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Roti, M. W., Lee, E. C., Craig, S. A., Sutherland, J. W., Fiala, K. A., and Maresh, C. M. Influence of betaine consumption on strenuous running and sprinting in a hot environment. J Strength.Cond.Res 2008;22(3):851-860. View abstract.

Bishop, L., Kanoff, R., Charnas, L., Krenzel, C., Berry, S. A., and Schimmenti, L. A. Severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency: a case report of nonclassical homocystinuria. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(7):823-828. View abstract.

Glaze, D. G., Percy, A. K., Motil, K. J., Lane, J. B., Isaacs, J. S., Schultz, R. J., Barrish, J. O., Neul, J. L., O'Brien, W. E., and Smith, E. O. A study of the treatment of Rett syndrome with folate and betaine. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(5):551-556. View abstract.

Yokoi, K., Ito, T., Ohkubo, Y., Sumi, S., Ueta, A., Sugiyama, N., and Togari, H. Long follow up of betaine therapy in two Japanese siblings with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Pediatr.Int 2008;50(5):694-695. View abstract.

Atkinson, W., Slow, S., Elmslie, J., Lever, M., Chambers, S. T., and George, P. M. Dietary and supplementary betaine: effects on betaine and homocysteine concentrations in males. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(11):767-773. View abstract.

Ucar, S. K., Koroglu, O. A., Berk, O., Yalaz, M., Kultursay, N., Blom, H. J., and Coker, M. Titration of betaine therapy to optimize therapy in an infant with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(2):241-243. View abstract.

Chaabene-Masmoudi, A., Mesrati, F., Zittoun, J., and Landrieu, P. Insidious peripheral neuropathy occurring under treatment in infantile MTHFR deficiency. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2009;32 Suppl 1:S303-S306. View abstract.

Abdelmalek, M. F., Sanderson, S. O., Angulo, P., Soldevila-Pico, C., Liu, C., Peter, J., Keach, J., Cave, M., Chen, T., McClain, C. J., and Lindor, K. D. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2009;50(6):1818-1826. View abstract.

Urreizti, R., Moya-Garcia, A. A., Pino-Angeles, A., Cozar, M., Langkilde, A., Fanhoe, U., Esteves, C., Arribas, J., Vilaseca, M. A., Perez-Duenas, B., Pineda, M., Gonzalez, V., Artuch, R., Baldellou, A., Vilarinho, L., Fowler, B., Ribes, A., Sanchez-Jimenez, F., Grinberg, D., and Balcells, S. Molecular characterization of five patients with homocystinuria due to severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Clin Genet. 2010;78(5):441-448. View abstract.

Forges, T., Chery, C., Audonnet, S., Feillet, F., and Gueant, J. L. Life-threatening methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency with extremely early onset: characterization of two novel mutations in compound heterozygous patients. Mol.Genet.Metab 2010;100(2):143-148. View abstract.

Schiff, M., Benoist, J. F., Tilea, B., Royer, N., Giraudier, S., and Ogier de, Baulny H. Isolated remethylation disorders: do our treatments benefit patients? J Inherit.Metab Dis 2011;34(1):137-145. View abstract.

Peters, S. U., Bird, L. M., Kimonis, V., Glaze, D. G., Shinawi, L. M., Bichell, T. J., Barbieri-Welge, R., Nespeca, M., Anselm, I., Waisbren, S., Sanborn, E., Sun, Q., O'Brien, W. E., Beaudet, A. L., and Bacino, C. A. Double-blind therapeutic trial in Angelman syndrome using betaine and folic acid. Am J Med Genet.A 2010;152A(8):1994-2001. View abstract.

Saad, S., Greenman, J., and Shaw, H. Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodor. Oral Dis 2011;17(2):180-186. View abstract.

Romanelli, M., Dini, V., Barbanera, S., and Bertone, M. S. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a solution containing propyl betaine and polihexanide for wound irrigation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23 Suppl:41-44. View abstract.

Tsuji, M., Takagi, A., Sameshima, K., Iai, M., Yamashita, S., Shinbo, H., Furuya, N., Kurosawa, K., and Osaka, H. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency with progressive polyneuropathy in an infant. Brain Dev. 2011;33(6):521-524. View abstract.

Schwab, U., Alfthan, G., Aro, A., and Uusitupa, M. Long-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65(1):70-76. View abstract.

Burke, A. E., Barnhart, K., Jensen, J. T., Creinin, M. D., Walsh, T. L., Wan, L. S., Westhoff, C., Thomas, M., Archer, D., Wu, H., Liu, J., Schlaff, W., Carr, B. R., and Blithe, D. Contraceptive efficacy, acceptability, and safety of C31G and nonoxynol-9 spermicidal gels: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2010;116(6):1265-1273. View abstract.

Rojas-Cano, M. L., Lara, L., Lachica, M., Aguilera, J. F., and Fernandez-Figares, I. Influence of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on development of carcass cuts of Iberian pigs growing from 20 to 50 kg body weight. Meat.Sci 2011;88(3):525-530. View abstract.

del Favero, S., Roschel, H., Artioli, G., Ugrinowitsch, C., Tricoli, V., Costa, A., Barroso, R., Negrelli, A. L., Otaduy, M. C., da Costa, Leite C., Lancha-Junior, A. H., and Gualano, B. Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance. Amino Acids 2012;42(6):2299-2305. View abstract.

Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Gonzalez, A. M., Beller, N. A., and Craig, S. A. Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise. J Strength.Cond.Res 2011;25(8):2235-2241. View abstract.

Prasad, A. N., Rupar, C. A., and Prasad, C. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency and infantile epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2011;33(9):758-769. View abstract.

Lopez-Jornet, P., Camacho-Alonso, F., and Rodriguez-Aguado, C. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a betaine-containing mouthwash and an intraoral device for the treatment of dry mouth. J Oral Pathol.Med 2012;41(3):201-206. View abstract.

Bird, L. M., Tan, W. H., Bacino, C. A., Peters, S. U., Skinner, S. A., Anselm, I., Barbieri-Welge, R., Bauer-Carlin, A., Gentile, J. K., Glaze, D. G., Horowitz, L. T., Mohan, K. N., Nespeca, M. P., Sahoo, T., Sarco, D., Waisbren, S. E., and Beaudet, A. L. A therapeutic trial of pro-methylation dietary supplements in Angelman syndrome. Am J Med Genet.A 2011;155A(12):2956-2963. View abstract.

Garcia-Jimenez, M. C., Baldellou, A., Garcia-Silva, M. T., Dalmau-Serra, J., Garcia-Cazorla, A., Gomez-Lopez, L., Giner, C. P., Luengo, O. A., Pena, Quintana L., Couce, M. L., Martinez-Pardo, M., and Lambruschini, N. [Epidemiological study of the metabolic diseases with homocystinuria in Spain]. An Pediatr.(Barc.) 2012;76(3):133-139. View abstract.

Trepanowski, J. F., Farney, T. M., McCarthy, C. G., Schilling, B. K., Craig, S. A., and Bloomer, R. J. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men. J Strength.Cond.Res 2011;25(12):3461-3471. View abstract.

Lin, N. C., Niu, D. M., Loong, C. C., Hsia, C. Y., Tsai, H. L., Yeh, Y. C., Tsou, M. Y., and Liu, C. S. Liver transplantation for a patient with homocystinuria. Pediatr.Transplant. 2012;16(7):E311-E314. View abstract.

Menni, F., Testa, S., Guez, S., Chiarelli, G., Alberti, L., and Esposito, S. Neonatal atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome due to methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria. Pediatr.Nephrol. 2012;27(8):1401-1405. View abstract.

Apicella, J. M., Lee, E. C., Bailey, B. L., Saenz, C., Anderson, J. M., Craig, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., and Maresh, C. M. Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise. Eur J Appl.Physiol 2013;113(3):793-802. View abstract.

Liu, L. L., Hou, X. L., Zhou, C. L., and Yang, Y. L. [Combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocysteinemia with hydrocephalus as an early presentation: a case report]. Zhongguo Dang.Dai Er.Ke.Za Zhi. 2013;15(4):313-315. View abstract.

Cholewa, J. M., Wyszczelska-Rokiel, M., Glowacki, R., Jakubowski, H., Matthews, T., Wood, R., Craig, S. A., and Paolone, V. Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone. J Int Soc.Sports Nutr 2013;10(1):39. View abstract.

Wilcken, D. E., Dudman, N. P., and Tyrrell, P. A. Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency--the effects of betaine treatment in pyridoxine-responsive patients. Metabolism 1985;34(12):1115-1121. View abstract.

Bostom, A. G., Shemin, D., Nadeau, M. R., Shih, V., Stabler, S. P., Allen, R. H., and Selhub, J. Short term betaine therapy fails to lower elevated fasting total plasma homocysteine concentrations in hemodialysis patients maintained on chronic folic acid supplementation. Atherosclerosis 1995;113(1):129-132. View abstract.

Surtees, R., Bowron, A., and Leonard, J. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma total homocysteine and related metabolites in children with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: the effect of treatment. Pediatr Res 1997;42(5):577-582. View abstract.

van Guldener, C., Janssen, M. J., Lambert, J., ter Wee, P. M., Donker, A. J., and Stehouwer, C. D. Folic acid treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: no change in endothelial function after long-term therapy. Perit.Dial.Int 1998;18(3):282-289. View abstract.

Brattstrom, L., Wilcken, D. E., Ohrvik, J., and Brudin, L. Common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation leads to hyperhomocysteinemia but not to vascular disease: the result of a meta-analysis. Circulation 12-8-1998;98(23):2520-2526. View abstract.

Di Pierro F, Settembre R. Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial carried out with a fixed combination of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and betaine versus amitriptyline in patients with mild depression. Int J Gen Med 2015;8:73-8. View abstract.

Sledzinski T, Goyke E, Smolenski RT, et al. Decreased serum betaine concentrations in patients after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2011;21(10):1634-9. View abstract.

Cholewa JM, Hudson A, Cicholski T, et al. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):37. View abstract.

EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, et al. Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J. 2019 Apr 5;17(4):e05658. View abstract.

Moro T, Badiali F, Fabbri I, Paoli A. Betaine supplementation does not improve muscle hypertrophy or strength following 6 weeks of cross-fit training. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 5;12(6):1688. View abstract.

Yang MT, Lee XX, Huang BH, Chien LH, Wang CC, Chan KH. Effects of two-week betaine supplementation on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and aerobic capacity after exhaustive endurance exercise. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Nov 27;9(12):1189. View abstract.

Nobari H, Kargarfard M, Minasian V, Cholewa JM, Pérez-Gómez J. The effects of 14-week betaine supplementation on endocrine markers, body composition and anthropometrics in professional youth soccer players: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Mar 4;18(1):20. View abstract.

Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, et al. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Mar 25:1-18. View abstract.

Zawieja EE, Zawieja B, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation moderately increases total cholesterol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diet Suppl. 2021;18(1):105-117. View abstract.

Long JA, Zhong RH, Chen S, et al. Dietary betaine intake is associated with skeletal muscle mass change over 3 years in middle-aged adults: the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(4):440-447. View abstract.

Nobari H, Cholewa JM, Pérez-Gómez J, Castillo-Rodríguez A. Effects of 14-weeks betaine supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines and hematology status in professional youth soccer players during a competition season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021;18(1):42. View abstract.

Waldman HS, Bryant AR, McAllister MJ. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Markers of Metabolic Flexibility, Body Composition, and Anaerobic Performance in Active College-Age Females. J Diet Suppl 2021. View abstract.

Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Tinsley GM, et al. Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2021. View abstract.

Nobari H, Cholewa JM, Castillo-Rodríguez A, Kargarfard M, Pérez-Gómez J. Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021;18(1):67. View abstract.

Rodríguez-Agurto A, Bravo M, Magán-Fernandez A, et al. Randomized clinical trial on the clinical effects of a toothpaste containing extra virgin olive oil, xylitol, and betaine in gingivitis. Sci Rep 2023;13(1):6294. View abstract.

Machek SB, Harris DR, Zawieja EE, et al. The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1a Gene Expression. Nutrients 2022;14(23):5040. View abstract.

Imbard A, Toumazi A, Magréault S, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of betaine in CBS and cblC deficiencies: a cross-over randomized controlled trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022;17(1):417. View abstract.

Díez-Ricote L, San-Cristobal R, Concejo MJ, et al. One-year longitudinal association between changes in dietary choline or betaine intake and cardiometabolic variables in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;116(6):1565-1579. View abstract.