The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.

Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.

Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Kamble VA and Patil SD. Spice derived essential oils: effective antifungal and possible therapeutic agents. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants (J HERBS SPICES MEDICINAL PLANT) 2008;14(3-4):129-143.

Singh, U. P., Singh, D. P., Maurya, S., Maheshwari, R., Singh, M., Dubey, R. S., and Singh, R. B. Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2004;4(4):27-42. View abstract.

Uma, Pradeep K., Geervani, P., and Eggum, B. O. Common Indian spices: nutrient composition, consumption and contribution to dietary value. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr 1993;44(2):137-148. View abstract.

O'Mahony, R., Al Khtheeri, H., Weerasekera, D., Fernando, N., Vaira, D., Holton, J., and Basset, C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 12-21-2005;11(47):7499-7507. View abstract.

Iacobellis, N. S., Lo, Cantore P., Capasso, F., and Senatore, F. Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils. J Agric.Food Chem 1-12-2005;53(1):57-61. View abstract.

Jalali-Heravi, M., Zekavat, B., and Sereshti, H. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with resolution methods to characterize the essential oil components of Iranian cumin and caraway. J Chromatogr.A 3-2-2007;1143(1-2):215-226. View abstract.

Park, I. K., Kim, J. N., Lee, Y. S., Lee, S. G., Ahn, Y. J., and Shin, S. C. Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). J Econ.Entomol. 2008;101(1):139-144. View abstract.

Nair, S., Nagar, R., and Gupta, R. Antioxidant phenolics and flavonoids in common Indian foods. J Assoc Physicians India 1998;46(8):708-710. View abstract.

Sekine, T., Sugano, M., Majid, A., and Fujii, Y. Antifungal effects of volatile compounds from black zira (Bunium persicum) and other spices and herbs. J Chem.Ecol. 2007;33(11):2123-2132. View abstract.

Singh, G., Kapoor, I. P., Pandey, S. K., Singh, U. K., and Singh, R. K. Studies on essential oils: part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Phytother.Res 2002;16(7):680-682. View abstract.

Srinivasan, K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts. Int.J Food Sci.Nutr. 2005;56(6):399-414. View abstract.

Dhandapani, S., Subramanian, V. R., Rajagopal, S., and Namasivayam, N. Hypolipidemic effect of Cuminum cyminum L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacol.Res 2002;46(3):251-255. View abstract.

Yan, J. H., Tang, K. W., Zhong, M., and Deng, N. H. [Determination of chemical components of volatile oil from Cuminum cyminum L. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se.Pu. 2002;20(6):569-572. View abstract.

Takayanagi, T., Ishikawa, T., and Kitajima, J. Sesquiterpene lactone glucosides and alkyl glycosides from the fruit of cumin. Phytochemistry 2003;63(4):479-484. View abstract.

Esiyok, D., Otles, S., and Akcicek, E. Herbs as a food source in Turkey. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2004;5(3):334-339. View abstract.

Clarke, D. B., Barnes, K. A., and Lloyd, A. S. Determination of unusual soya and non-soya phytoestrogen sources in beer, fish products and other foods. Food Addit.Contam 2004;21(10):949-962. View abstract.

Ninfali, P., Mea, G., Giorgini, S., Rocchi, M., and Bacchiocca, M. Antioxidant capacity of vegetables, spices and dressings relevant to nutrition. Br.J.Nutr. 2005;93(2):257-266. View abstract.

Nostro, A., Cellini, L., Di Bartolomeo, S., Di Campli, E., Grande, R., Cannatelli, M. A., Marzio, L., and Alonzo, V. Antibacterial effect of plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Phytother.Res. 2005;19(3):198-202. View abstract.

Sachin, B. S., Sharma, S. C., Sethi, S., Tasduq, S. A., Tikoo, M. K., Tikoo, A. K., Satti, N. K., Gupta, B. D., Suri, K. A., Johri, R. K., and Qazi, G. N. Herbal modulation of drug bioavailability: enhancement of rifampicin levels in plasma by herbal products and a flavonoid glycoside derived from Cuminum cyminum. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(2):157-163. View abstract.

Derakhshan, S., Sattari, M., and Bigdeli, M. Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seed essential oil and alcoholic extract on the morphology, capsule expression and urease activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int.J.Antimicrob.Agents 2008;32(5):432-436. View abstract.

Jagtap, A. G. and Patil, P. B. Antihyperglycemic activity and inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation by Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Food Chem.Toxicol. 5-6-2010; View abstract.

Srivastava, K. C. Extracts from two frequently consumed spices--cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa)--inhibit platelet aggregation and alter eicosanoid biosynthesis in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1989;37(1):57-64. View abstract.

Khafagy, S. M., Sarg, T. M., Abdel Salam, N. A., and Gabr, O. Isolation of two flavone glycosides from the fruits of Cuminum cyminum L. grown in Egypt. Pharmazie 1978;33(5):296-297. View abstract.

Futrell, J. M. and Rietschel, R. L. Spice allergy evaluated by results of patch tests. Cutis 1993;52(5):288-290. View abstract.

Boxer, M., Roberts, M., and Grammer, L. Cumin anaphylaxis: a case report. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 1997;99(5):722-723. View abstract.

Taghizadeh M, Memarzadeh MR, Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of the cumin cyminum L. intake on weight loss, metabolic profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight subjects: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(2-3):117-24. View abstract.

Zare R, Heshmati F, Fallahzadeh H, Nadjarzadeh A. Effect of cumin powder on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(4):297-301. View abstract.

Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Hadi Z, Roshanravan N, Kafeshani M. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a safe approach for management of lipid parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res. 2018;32(11):2146-2154. View abstract.

Morovati A, Pourghassem Gargari B, Sarbakhsh P, Azari H, Lotfi-Dizaji L. The effect of cumin supplementation on metabolic profiles in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2019;33(4):1182-1190. View abstract.

Morovati A, Pourghassem Gargari B, Sarbakhsh P. Effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil supplementation on metabolic syndrome components: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2019;33(12):3261-9. View abstract.

Karimian J, Farrokhzad A, Jalili C. The effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) supplementation on glycemic indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2021;35(8):4127-4135. View abstract.

Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Faghfouri AH, Anbari M, et al. The effects of Cuminum cyminum on glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;281:114510. View abstract.

Al-Suwaydani AI, Alam MA, Raish M, A Bin Jardan Y, Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effect of C. cyminum and L. sativum on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antidiabetic Drug Gliclazide. Curr Drug Metab. 2022;23(10):842-849. View abstract.

Jafari S, Sattari R, Ghavamzadeh S. Evaluation the effect of 50 and 100 mg doses of Cuminum cyminum essential oil on glycemic indices, insulin resistance and serum inflammatory factors on patients with diabetes type II: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;7(3):332-338. View abstract.

Jafari T, Mahmoodnia L, Tahmasebi P, et al. Effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oil supplementation on metabolic profile and serum leptin in pre-diabetic subjects: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Functional Foods. 2018;47:416-422.

Keihan GS, Gharib MH, Momeni A, Hemati Z, Sedighin R. A Comparison Between the Effect of Cuminum Cyminum and Vitamin E on the Level of Leptin, Paraoxonase 1, HbA1c and Oxidized LDL in Diabetic Patients. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016;5(4):229-235. View abstract.

Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Faghfouri AH, Anbari M, Nikpayam O, PourMirzaei Olyaei H, Alizadeh M. Efficacy of Cuminum Cyminum supplementation on lipid profile and anthropometric parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022;36(1):380-394. View abstract.