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Hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB)
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Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M, et al. Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:2095-104. View abstract.
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Nissen S, Sharp RL, Panton L, et al. B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in humans is safe and may decrease cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr 2000;130:1937-45. View abstract.
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Paddon-Jones D, Keech A, Jenkins D. Short-term beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation does not reduce symptoms of eccentric muscle damage. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11:442-50. View abstract.
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Jowko E, Ostaszewski P, Jank M, et al. Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program. Nutrition 2001;17:558-66.. View abstract.
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Slater GJ, Jenkins D. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Med 2000;30:105-16.. View abstract.
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Crowe, M. J., O'Connor, D. M., and Lukins, J. E. The effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and HMB/creatine supplementation on indices of health in highly trained athletes. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2003;13(2):184-197. View abstract.
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May, P. E., Barber, A., D'Olimpio, J. T., Hourihane, A., and Abumrad, N. N. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. Am.J.Surg. 2002;183(4):471-479. View abstract.
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Marcora, S., Lemmey, A., and Maddison, P. Dietary treatment of rheumatoid cachexia with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine: a randomised controlled trial. Clin.Nutr. 2005;24(3):442-454. View abstract.
55820
Kreider, R. B., Ferreira, M., Wilson, M., and Almada, A. L. Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. Int.J.Sports Med. 1999;20(8):503-509. View abstract.
55821
Knitter, A. E., Panton, L., Rathmacher, J. A., Petersen, A., and Sharp, R. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle damage after a prolonged run. J.Appl.Physiol 2000;89(4):1340-1344. View abstract.
55822
Gallagher, P. M., Carrithers, J. A., Godard, M. P., Schulze, K. E., and Trappe, S. W. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, part II: effects on hematology, hepatic and renal function. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2000;32(12):2116-2119. View abstract.
55823
Vukovich, M. D. and Dreifort, G. D. Effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on the onset of blood lactate accumulation and V(O)(2) peak in endurance-trained cyclists. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2001;15(4):491-497. View abstract.
55824
Vukovich, M. D., Slater, G., Macchi, M. B., Turner, M. J., Fallon, K., Boston, T., and Rathmacher, J. beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) kinetics and the influence of glucose ingestion in humans. J Nutr Biochem 2001;12(11):631-639. View abstract.
55825
Ransone, J., Neighbors, K., Lefavi, R., and Chromiak, J. The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2003;17(1):34-39. View abstract.
55826
O'Connor, D. M. and Crowe, M. J. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of highly trained athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003;43(1):64-68. View abstract.
55827
Alon, T., Bagchi, D., and Preuss, H. G. Supplementing with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) to build and maintain muscle mass: a review. Res.Commun.Mol.Pathol.Pharmacol. 2002;111(1-4):139-151. View abstract.
55828
Rathmacher, J. A., Nissen, S., Panton, L., Clark, R. H., Eubanks, May P., Barber, A. E., D'Olimpio, J., and Abumrad, N. N. Supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine is safe and could improve hematological parameters. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2004;28(2):65-75. View abstract.
55829
Flakoll, P., Sharp, R., Baier, S., Levenhagen, D., Carr, C., and Nissen, S. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition 2004;20(5):445-451. View abstract.
55830
Thomson, J. S. beta-Hydroxy-beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation of resistance trained men. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2004;13(Suppl):S59. View abstract.
55831
Hoffman, J. R., Cooper, J., Wendell, M., Im, J., and Kang, J. Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. J Strength.Cond.Res 2004;18(4):747-752. View abstract.
55832
Smith, H. J., Wyke, S. M., and Tisdale, M. J. Mechanism of the attenuation of proteolysis-inducing factor stimulated protein degradation in muscle by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Cancer Res 12-1-2004;64(23):8731-8735. View abstract.
55833
Smith, H. J., Mukerji, P., and Tisdale, M. J. Attenuation of proteasome-induced proteolysis in skeletal muscle by {beta}-hydroxy-{beta}-methylbutyrate in cancer-induced muscle loss. Cancer Res 1-1-2005;65(1):277-283. View abstract.
55834
Tisdale, M. J. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a therapeutic target for muscle wasting. J Support.Oncol. 2005;3(3):209-217. View abstract.
55836
van Someren, K. A., Edwards, A. J., and Howatson, G. Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) reduces signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage in man. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2005;15(4):413-424. View abstract.
55837
Tisdale, M. J. Clinical anticachexia treatments. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21(2):168-174. View abstract.
55838
Nonnecke, B. J., Franklin, S. T., and Nissen, S. L. Leucine and its catabolites alter mitogen-stimulated DNA synthesis by bovine lymphocytes. J Nutr 1991;121(10):1665-1672. View abstract.
96637
Armstrong DG, Hanft JR, Driver VR, et al. Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med 2014;31(9):1069-77. View abstract.
96638
Durkalec-Michalski K, Jeszka J, Podgórski T. The effect of a 12-week beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on highly-trained combat sports athletes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Nutrients 2017;9(7). View abstract.
96639
Imai T, Matsuura K, Asada Y, et al. Effect of HMB/Arg/Gln on the prevention of radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014;44(5):422-7. View abstract.
96640
Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Malafarina C, Martinez JA, Zulet MA. Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on sarcopenia and recovery in hip fracture patients. a multi-centre randomized trial. Maturitas 2017;101:42-50. View abstract.
96641
McIntosh ND, Love TD, Haszard JJ, Osborne HR, Black KE. ß-Hydroxy ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation effects on body mass and performance in elite male rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 2018;32(1):19-26. View abstract.
96642
Rowlands DS, Thomson JS. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength, body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained young men: a meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23(3):836-46. View abstract.
96643
Sanchez-Martinez J, Santos-Lozano A, Garcia-Hermoso A, Sadarangani KP, Cristi-Montero C. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in trained and competitive athletes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Sci Med Sport 2017; pii: S1440-2440(17)31759-0. View abstract.
96644
Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013;10(1):6. View abstract.
96645
Wu H, Xia Y, Jiang J, et al. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015;61(2):168-75. View abstract.
99243
Yokota T, Hamauchi S, Yoshida Y, et al. A phase II study of HMB/Arg/Gln against oral mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(9):3241-3248. View abstract.
99245
Berton L, Bano G, Carraro S, et al. Effect of oral beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on physical performance in healthy old women over 65 years: An open label randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0141757. View abstract.
99246
Durkalec-Michalski K, Jeszka J. The efficacy of a ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and biochemical markers in elite rowers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:31. View abstract.
99247
Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Kendall KL, Smith-Ryan AE, Moon JR, Hoffman JR. ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and resistance exercise significantly reduce abdominal adiposity in healthy elderly men. Exp Gerontol. 2015;64:33-4. View abstract.
99248
Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, et al. The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(6):1217-27. View abstract.
99249
Stout JR, Smith-Ryan AE, Fukuda DH, et al. Effect of calcium ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) with and without resistance training in men and women 65+yrs: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(11):1303-10. View abstract.
99250
Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, et al. ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in resistance-trained men. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(3):538-44. View abstract.
99251
Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS. Effects of nine weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(3):827-35. View abstract.
99252
Fuller JC, Sharp RL, Angus HF, Khoo PY, Rathmacher JA. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(9):1403-9. View abstract.
99253
Correia ALM, de Lima FD, Bottaro M, Vieira A, da Fonseca AC, Lima RM. Pre-exercise ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate free-acid supplementation improves work capacity recovery: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(7):691-696. View abstract.
99254
Hasselgren PO. ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) and prevention of muscle wasting. Metabolism. 2014;63(1):5-8. View abstract.
99255
Fitschen PJ, Biruete A, Jeong J, Wilund KR. Efficacy of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2017;21(1):107-116. View abstract.
99413
Wada N, Kurokawa Y, Tanaka K, et al. Perioperative nutritional support with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine in surgery for abdominal malignancies. Wounds 2018;30(9):251-6. View abstract.
102869
Courel-Ibáñez J, Vetrovsky T, Dadova K, Pallarés JG, Steffl M. Health benefits of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in addition to physical exercise in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrients 2019;11(9):2082. View abstract.
102870
Stahn AC, Maggioni MA, Gunga HC, Terblanche E. Combined protein and calcium ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate induced gains in leg fat free mass: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020;17(1):16. View abstract.
102871
Fernández-Landa J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, et al. Long-term effect of combination of creatine monohydrate plus ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise-induced muscle damage and anabolic/catabolic hormones in elite male endurance athletes. J Biomolecules 2020;10(1):140. View abstract.
102872
Tritto AC, Bueno S, Rodrigues RMP, Gualano B, Roschel H, Artioli GG. Negligible effects of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate free acid and calcium salt on strength and hypertrophic responses to resistance training: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019;29(5):505-11. View abstract.
102873
Tsuchiya Y, Hirayama K, Ueda H, Ochi E. Two and four weeks of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementations reduce muscle damage following eccentric contractions. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38(4):373-9. View abstract.
102874
Teixeira FJ, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, et al. No effect of HMB or a-HICA supplementation on training-induced changes in body composition. Eur J Sport Sci 2019;19(6):802-10. View abstract.
106026
Rathmacher JA, Pitchford LM, Khoo P, et al. Long-term Effects of Calcium ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscular Function in Older Adults With and Without Resistance Training: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75(11):2089-2097. View abstract.
106027
Lin Z, Zhao Y, Chen Q. Effects of oral administration of ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutyrate on lean body mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Geriatr Med 2021;12(2):239-251. View abstract.
106028
Chew STH, Tan NC, Cheong M, et al. Impact of specialized oral nutritional supplement on clinical, nutritional, and functional outcomes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2021;40(4):1879-1892. View abstract.
106029
Herrod PJJ, Gharahdaghi N, Rudrappa SS, et al. The impact of acute beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ingestion on glucose and insulin kinetics in young and older men. J Funct Foods 2020;73:104163. View abstract.
106030
Jakubowski JS, Nunes EA, Teixeira FJ, et al. Supplementation with the Leucine Metabolite ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not Improve Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Composition or Strength in Young Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020;12(5):1523. View abstract.
106031
Mangine GT, VanDusseldorp TA, Hester GM, Julian JM, Feito Y. The addition of ß-Hydroxy ß-Methylbutyrate (HMB) to creatine monohydrate supplementation does not improve anthropometric and performance maintenance across a collegiate rugby season. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020;17(1):28. View abstract.
106032
Kaczka P, Kubicka K, Batra A, et al. Effects of Co-Ingestion of ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate and L-Arginine a-Ketoglutarate on Jump Performance in Young Track and Field Athletes. Nutrients 2021;13(4):1064. View abstract.
108768
Lattanzi B, Bruni A, Di Cola S, et al. The Effects of 12-Week Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Results from a Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021;13(7):2296. View abstract.
108769
Viana MV, Becce F, Pantet O, et al. Impact of B-hydroxy-B-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle loss and protein metabolism in critically ill patients: A RCT. Clin Nutr 2021;40(8):4878-4887. View abstract.
108770
Osuka Y, Kojima N, Sasai H, et al. Effects of exercise and/or ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older women with low muscle mass: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;114(4):1371-1385. View abstract.
108771
Peng LN, Cheng YC, Yu PC, Lee WJ, Lin MH, Chen LK. Oral Nutritional Supplement with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) Improves Nutrition, Physical Performance and Ameliorates Intramuscular Adiposity in Pre-Frail Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2021;25(6):767-773. View abstract.
108772
Cornejo-Pareja I, Ramirez M, Camprubi-Robles M, Rueda R, Vegas-Aguilar IM, Garcia-Almeida JM. Effect on an Oral Nutritional Supplement with ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate and Vitamin D on Morphofunctional Aspects, Body Composition, and Phase Angle in Malnourished Patients. Nutrients 2021;13(12):4355. View abstract.
108773
Rondanelli M, Nichetti M, Peroni G, et al. Effect of a Food for Special Medical Purposes for Muscle Recovery, Consisting of Arginine, Glutamine and Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate on Body Composition and Skin Health in Overweight and Obese Class I Sedentary Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2021;13(3):975. View abstract.