References
Comfrey
11987
Stewart MJ, Steenkamp V. Pyrrolizidine poisoning: a neglected area in human toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2001;23:698-708. View abstract.
11988
Food and Drug Administration. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. July 6, 2001. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr06.html.
11990
Stickel F, Seitz HK. The efficacy and safety of comfrey. Public Health Nutr 2000;3:501-8. View abstract.
11991
Huxtable RJ, Awang DV. Pyrrolizidine poisoning. Am J Med 1990;89:547-8.
11992
Koll R, Klingenburg S. [Therapeutic characteristance and tolerance of topical comfrey preparations. Results of an observational study of patients]. Fortschr Med Orig 2002;120:1-9. View abstract.
12841
Chojkier M. Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome: toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Hepatol 2003;39:437-46. View abstract.
12842
Roeder E. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 1995;50:83-98.
12860
Wang YP, Yan J, Fu PP, Chou MW. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Toxicol Lett 2005;155:411-20. View abstract.
44885
Kucera, M., Kalal, J., and Polesna, Z. Effects of Symphytum ointment on muscular symptoms and functional locomotor disturbances. Adv.Ther 2000;17(4):204-210. View abstract.
44887
Barthomeuf, C. M., Debiton, E., Barbakadze, V. V., and Kemertelidze, E. P. Evaluation of the dietetic and therapeutic potential of a high molecular weight hydroxycinnamate-derived polymer from Symphytum asperum Lepech. Regarding its antioxidant, antilipoperoxidant, antiinflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. J Agric.Food Chem 2001;49(8):3942-3946. View abstract.
44898
Koll, R., Buhr, M., Dieter, R., Pabst, H., Predel, H. G., Petrowicz, O., Giannetti, B., Klingenburg, S., and Staiger, C. Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(6):470-477. View abstract.
44899
Kucera, M., Barna, M., Horacek, O., Kovarikova, J., and Kucera, A. Efficacy and safety of topically applied Symphytum herb extract cream in the treatment of ankle distortion: results of a randomized controlled clinical double blind study. Wien.Med Wochenschr. 2004;154(21-22):498-507. View abstract.
44902
Predel, H. G., Giannetti, B., Koll, R., Bulitta, M., and Staiger, C. Efficacy of a comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a diclofenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. Phytomedicine 2005;12(10):707-714. View abstract.
44903
Kucera, M., Barna, M., Horacek, O., Kalal, J., Kucera, A., and Hladikova, M. Topical symphytum herb concentrate cream against myalgia: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical study. Adv Ther 2005;22(6):681-692. View abstract.
44904
Grube, B., Grunwald, J., Krug, L., and Staiger, C. Efficacy of a comfrey root (Symphyti offic. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):2-10. View abstract.
44905
Turley, A. J. and Muir, D. F. ECG for physicians: a potentially fatal case of mistaken identity. Resuscitation 2008;76(3):323-324. View abstract.
44906
Barna, M., Kucera, A., Hladicova, M., and Kucera, M. [Wound healing effects of a Symphytum herb extract cream (Symphytum x uplandicum NYMAN: ): results of a randomized, controlled double-blind study]. Wien.Med.Wochenschr. 2007;157(21-22):569-574. View abstract.
44907
D'Anchise, R., Bulitta, M., and Giannetti, B. Comfrey extract ointment in comparison to diclofenac gel in the treatment of acute unilateral ankle sprains (distortions). Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(11):712-716. View abstract.
44908
Bleakley, C. M., McDonough, S. M., and MacAuley, D. C. Some conservative strategies are effective when added to controlled mobilisation with external support after acute ankle sprain: a systematic review. Aust.J Physiother. 2008;54(1):7-20. View abstract.
44909
Mackinnon, M. In general practice, 'always expect the unexpected'. Aust.Fam.Physician 2008;37(4):235-236. View abstract.
44911
Gyorik, S. and Stricker, H. Severe pulmonary hypertension possibly due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in polyphytotherapy. Swiss.Med.Wkly. 4-4-2009;139(13-14):210-211. View abstract.
44912
Giannetti, B. M., Staiger, C., Bulitta, M., and Predel, H. G. Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. Br.J Sports Med. 2010;44(9):637-641. View abstract.
44913
Lin, C. C., Yang, C. C., Phua, D. H., Deng, J. F., and Lu, L. H. An outbreak of foxglove leaf poisoning. J Chin Med.Assoc. 2010;73(2):97-100. View abstract.
44916
Staiger, C. Comfrey: a clinical overview. Phytother.Res 2012;26(10):1441-1448. View abstract.
44917
Tanret, I. and Duh, D. [Pharmaceutical sheet. Symphytum officinale L., dermal use (Flexagile cream)]. J Pharm.Belg. 2012;(1):41-42. View abstract.
44918
Barna, M., Kucera, A., Hladikova, M., and Kucera, M. Randomized double-blind study: wound-healing effects of a Symphytum herb extract cream (Symphytumxuplandicum Nyman) in children. Arzneimittelforschung. 2012;62(6):285-289. View abstract.
44919
Laslett, L. L., Quinn, S. J., Darian-Smith, E., Kwok, M., Fedorova, T., Korner, H., Steels, E., March, L., and Jones, G. Treatment with 4Jointz reduces knee pain over 12 weeks of treatment in patients with clinical knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2012;20(11):1209-1216. View abstract.
44920
Mazzocchi, A. and Montanaro, F. Observational study of the use of Symphytum 5CH in the management of pain and swelling after dental implant surgery. Homeopathy. 2012;101(4):211-216. View abstract.
44946
Tunon, H., Olavsdotter, C., and Bohlin, L. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosis. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;48(2):61-76. View abstract.
44950
Lewis, C. J. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. 7-6-2001;
44951
New South Wales Health, Australia. Amendments to the poison list. Poisons Legislation Circular 3-22-1993;60
44954
Koll, R., Buhr, M., Dieter, R., Petrowicz, O., Gianetti, B., and Wagener, S. Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit von Beinwellextrakt (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) bei Sprunggelenks-distorsionen. Z Phytotherapie 2000;21:127-134.
92566
Frost R, Macpherson H, O'meara S. A critical scoping review of external uses of comfrey (Symphytum spp.). Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(6):724-45. View abstract.
92567
Frost R, O'meara S, Macpherson H. The external use of comfrey: a practitioner survey. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(4):347-55. View abstract.
92568
Jedlinszki N, Balázs B, Csányi E, Csupor D. Penetration of lycopsamine from a comfrey ointment through human epidermis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;83:1-4. View abstract.
92570
Pabst H, Schaefer A, Staiger C, Junker-samek M, Predel HG. Combination of comfrey root extract plus methyl nicotinate in patients with conditions of acute upper or low back pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2013;27(6):811-7. View abstract.
92571
Smith DB, Jacobson BH. Effect of a blend of comfrey root extract (Symphytum officinale L.) and tannic acid creams in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multiclinical trials. J Chiropr Med. 2011;10(3):147-56. View abstract.
92572
Staiger C. Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2013;163(3-4):58-64. View abstract.
92573
Vithayathil MK, Edwards M. Comfrey herbal remedy causing second-degree heart block: do not be outfoxed by digitalis. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. View abstract.
99068
Sowa I, Paduch R, Strzemski M, et al. Proliferative and antioxidant activity of Symphytum officinale root extract. Nat Prod Res 2018;32(5):605-9. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1326492. View abstract.
108668
Bagheri Z, Azizi A, Oshvandi K, Mohammadi Y, Larki-Harchegani A. The Effect of Comfrey on Enoxaparin-Induced Bruise in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Randomised Clinical Trial. J Pharmacopuncture 2021;24(4):196-205. View abstract.